Abstract The embankment and hill cut are conventional infrastructure scenarios along the railway line in windy regions. windbreak walls with same height separately installed on them to guarantee safety of train operation. However, due realistic terrain, distances from centerline not same, generating a wall transition causing sudden change windproof performance, which contributes called “yawing” phenomenon when passing through specified transition. current study aims predict flow...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered a crucial technology for mitigating resource limitations and addressing environmental challenges. To improve the output power mass transfer characteristics of PEMFCs, this study developed three-dimensional (3D) model PEMFC with wedge-shaped flow field plate using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This focused on analyzing behavior thermal management reactants, as well investigating water removal capacity across different...

Understanding of visual signal processing can benefit from simultaneous measurement different types retinal neurons working together. In this Letter, we demonstrate that intrinsic optical (IOS) imaging frog retina slices allows observation stimulus-evoked responses propagating the photoreceptors to inner neurons. High-resolution revealed robust IOSs at photoreceptor, plexiform, and ganglion cell layers. While photoreceptor layer were mainly confined area directly stimulated by visible light,...

The role of land surface temperature (LST) is the utmost importance in multiple academic disciplines, such as climatology, hydrology, ecology, and meteorology. To date, many methods have been proposed to estimate LST from satellite thermal infrared data. single-channel (SC) algorithm can provide an accurate result retrieving based on prior knowledge known emissivity (LSE). SC extensively employed for Landsat series data due its simplicity reliance just one channel. Thermal Infrared Sensor...

Abstract The unsteady forces on a square cylinder in sinusoidally oscillating flows with non‐zero‐mean velocities are investigated numerically by using weakly compressible‐flow method three‐dimensional large eddy simulations. major parameters the analysis Keulegan–Carpenter number ( KC ) and ratio between amplitude mean of approaching flow A R ). By varying values resulting drag lift cylinders analyzed systematically at two selected approaching‐flow attack angles (0 22.5 ∘ In case non‐zero...

The flow interaction between two identical neighboring twin square prisms in a staggered arrangement an open terrain was investigated experimentally. downwind prism mounted on rigid-aeroelastic setup open-terrain boundary layer to measure its acrosswind root-mean-square responses and aerodynamic damping ratios. By varying the relative location of upwind Scruton number associated with prism, aeroelastic behavior analyzed compared that isolated one. Results showed response could be either...

Abstract Today, a large number of High Mast Structures (HMS) is being constructed around the world. Usually, structural systems are presented as monotubular towers or masts with mass at tip which has utility equipment mounted. The configuration an HMS ratio height to horizontal dimension. This means that not only very slender, but also more wind‐sensitive than any other common structures. Since failures and poles have occurred often, this confirms necessity for better understanding...

Simultaneous monitoring of many functioning β-cells is essential for understanding β-cell dysfunction as an early event in the progression to diabetes. Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging has been shown allow high resolution detection stimulus-evoked physiological responses retina and other neural tissues. In this paper, we demonstrate feasibility using IOS functional examination insulin secreting INS-1 cells, a popular model investigating diabetes associated dysfunction. Our experiments...

Turbulent uniform flows past a two-dimensional square cylinder are investigated numerically. By varying the turbulence intensity and length scale of approaching flow, flow effect compared to that in laminar approaching-flow case. In addition, variations drag lift coefficients with respect changes analyzed on systematic basis. large eddy simulations, is generated by spectral method according Kármán spectrum. Two levels intensities (5% 10%) three scales (0.25, 0.50 1.0 times width) selected...

We describe a dataset providing information on the geographic distribution of northern Asian endemic alpine plants. It was obtained by digitising maps from atlas “Endemic plants Northern Asia”. Asia includes numerous mountain ranges which may have served as refugia during Pleistocene ice ages, but there been no studies that analysed this question. suggest can be applied for better understanding endemism in Asia. The 13709 species records, representing 211 31 families and 106 genera. Each...

The present study is to establish a numerical model capable of predicting flow past discrete coniferous trees, so as provide handy tool for pedestrian wind analysis during the preliminary design stage local environments. In study, tree factor was proposed reflect effect due existence trees. Besides applications computations in analysis, tunnel measurements were also performed guide and confirm simulations. By comparing velocity profiles at certain downstream cross-sections panels, variation...

Flow past a single-line arrangement of evenly-spaced row trees, in an open territory, was numerically simulated under the action boundary-layer type oncoming flow, with strength “strong breeze”, based on Beaufort scale. By selecting Koelreuteria henryi as demonstrated tree species, spatial wind speed variations behind trees at pedestrian level, various heights and spaces, were analyzed to investigate corresponding downstream shelter effects from systematic basis. Based results analyses,...

We demonstrate intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging of intact rat islet, which consists many endocrine cells working together. A near-infrared digital microscope was employed for monitoring islet activities evoked by glucose stimulation. Dynamic NIR images revealed transient IOS responses in the activated low-dose (2.75mM) and high-dose (5.5mM) stimuli. Comparative experiments quantitative analysis indicated that both metabolism calcium/insulin dynamics might contribute to observed...

<title>Abstract</title> The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are regarded as a key technology for alleviating resource constraints and addressing environmental challenges. To enhance the output power mass transfer characteristics of PEMFC, this study developed 3D model PEMFC featuring wedge-shaped flow field plate using CFD methods. focused on analyzing behavior hydrothermal management reactants, well examining water removal capacity across various angular channel configurations....

The role of land surface temperature (LST) is utmost importance in multiple academic disciplines such as climatology, hydrology, ecology, and meteorology. Until to now, many methods have been proposed estimate LST from satellite thermal infrared data. Thermal Infrared Sensor (IRS) on the Chinese ZY1-02E a pivotal instrument employed for gathering (TIR) data surfaces. objective this research evaluate feasibility single-channel approach based water vapor scaling (WVS) deriving IRS because its...

Estimating the wind-induced responses of high-rise buildings requires a detailed investigation wind force characteristics and structural dynamics, especially when an existing neighboring building has equivalent volume at adjacent locations. The interference effects caused by such may seriously alternate loading on target further affect its to safety or habitability evaluation. This research investigates under turbulent boundary layer flows based series tunnel tests. study mainly concerns...

Abstract A wind generator is used for producing a stream equivalent to the required velocity pressure dynamic water penetration tests curtain walls. two-phase experimental program was carried out. In first stage, calibration of conducted following AAMA 501.1-05 procedures. second distribution on surface test chamber walls studied. Discussions results are presented, as well new design aids wall design. Some and conclusions could be useful in future comparisons between laboratories having...

Dynamic monitoring of stimulus-evoked inner neural response is important for functional validation stimulation protocols retinal prosthetic devices. In this paper, we demonstrate label-free intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging electrically stimulated in freshly isolated mouse retinas. While single-pulse evoked rapid IOS within 20 ms, pulse-train indicated that the fast can follow frequency up to at least 8 Hz. Fast promises a noninvasive method high resolution examination response, without...

Abstract A numerical method is developed to predict the dynamic behavior of a suspension bridge under wind action in two dimensional sense. In particular, vibrating deck with trapezoidal cross‐section examined. The simulations contain parts computations, which are performed alternatively during calculation process. solutions instantaneous flow field and motions considered basis analyze problem instability. Wind tunnel measurements conducted parallel measure response sectional model. vertical...

A series of numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the turbulent flow fields in lands, typically under a ground condition Exposure C with isolated escarpments, ridges, and hills, respectively. By varying extent slope terms height-to-length ratio, calculated velocity profiles at various cross sections examined compared those suggested by wind design code. Results show that separation generally occurs leads unsteadiness leeward ridges hills. Within re-circulating zone, fluctuation...