Porous carbon electrodes have significant potential for energy-efficient water desalination using a promising technology called Capacitive Deionization (CDI). In CDI, salt ions are removed from brackish upon applying an electrical voltage difference between two porous electrodes, in which the will be temporarily immobilized. These made of carbons optimized storage capacity and ion electron transport. We review science CDI describe range possible electrode materials various approaches to...

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a water desalination technology based on applying cell voltage between two oppositely placed porous electrodes sandwiching spacer channel that transports the to be desalinated. In salt removal step, ions are adsorbed at carbon–water interface within micropores inside electrodes. After reach certain adsorption capacity, reduced or even reversed, which leads ion release from and concentrated solution in channel, flushed out, after cycle can start over...

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a water desalination technology in which salt ions are removed from brackish by flowing through spacer channel with porous electrodes on each side. Upon applying voltage difference between the two electrodes, cations move to and accumulated electrostatic double layers inside negatively charged cathode anions positively anode. One of key parameters for commercial realization CDI adsorption capacity electrodes. State-of-the-art electrode materials based...

Porous electrodes are important in many physical−chemical processes including capacitive deionization (CDI), a desalination technology where ions adsorbed from solution into the electrostatic double layers formed at electrode/solution interface inside of two juxtaposed porous electrodes. A key property electrode is charge efficiency layer, Λ, defined as ratio equilibrium salt adsorption over charge. We present experimental data for Λ function voltage and concentration use this set to...

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a water desalination technology based on applying cell voltage between two oppositely placed porous carbon electrodes. In front of each electrode, an ion-exchange membrane positioned, and them, spacer situated, which transports the to be desalinated. this work, we demonstrate for first time that up 83% energy used charging electrodes during can recovered in regeneration step. This achieved by discharging controlled manner using constant current...

In capacitive deionization (CDI), an electrical potential difference is applied across oppositely placed electrodes, resulting in the adsorption of ions from aqueous solution and a partially ion-depleted product stream. CDI dynamic process which operates sequential mode; i.e., after certain ion capacity has been reached, voltage reduced, are released back into solution, concentrated ions. The energetic input very small, while there no ion-exchange materials involved that need to be replaced...

Hydrophilic organic micropollutants are commonly detected in source water used for drinking production. Effective technologies to remove these from include adsorption onto granular activated carbon fixed-bed filters. The rate-determining step using is usually the adsorbate diffusion inside porous adsorbent. presence of mesopores can facilitate diffusion, resulting higher rates. We two different types carbon, with and without mesopores, study rate hydrophilic micropollutants. Furthermore,...

The presence of micropollutants in surface water is a potential threat for the production high quality and safe drinking water. Adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) fixed-bed filters often applied as polishing step Activated can act carrier material biofilm, hence biodegradation be an additional removal mechanism GAC filters. To assess biofilm to biodegrade micropollutants, it necessary distinguish adsorption from mechanism. We performed experiments at 5 °C 20 with biologically...

In the field of Capacitive Deionization (CDI), it has become a common notion that constant current (CC) operation consumes significantly less energy than voltage (CV). Arguments in support this claim are CC endpoint is reached only at end charging step, and thus average cell during lower voltage, we can recover part invested discharge. Though these arguments correct, present work based on experiments theory, conclude well-defined CDI cycle, does not lead, for case analyze, to general...

We analyze selective removal of anions in electrodialysis (ED) from a multicomponent ion mixture where all ions are monovalent, both experimentally, and by modified theory. The theory makes use the Nernst-Planck equation to describe transport across ion-exchange membranes combination with affinity, which is parameter that accounts for preference membrane materials adsorb one more than another. For NO3- Cl- anions, affinity was measured an adsorption experiment, it found adsorbs...

Capacitive deionization (CDI) typically uses one porous carbon electrode that is cation adsorbing and anion adsorbing. In 2016, Smith Dmello proposed an innovative CDI cell design based on two cation-selective electrodes a single anion-selective membrane, thereafter this was experimentally validated by various authors. design, anions pass through the membrane once, desalinated water continuously produced. present work, idea extended, it shown also choice for electrodes, in combination with...

Activated carbon is the most common electrode material used in electrosorption processes such as water desalination with capacitive deionization (CDI). CDI a cyclic process to remove ions from aqueous solutions by transferring charge one another. When multiple salts are present solution, removal of each ionic species can be different, resulting selective ion separations. This selectivity result combined effects, differences hydrated size and valence ions. In work, we study salt mixtures two...