Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevents human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, mortality and transmission. We assess the impact of expanded HIV treatment for prevention Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths simulate four scenarios Nigeria South Africa. Methods For 1990–2013, we used Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) database to examine trends in AIDS deaths, incidence prevalence, ART coverage, annual death rate,...

This paper develops an analytical framework to examine how rural households in developing countries derive income from common-pool natural resource stocks. The focus is on three types of private assets—land, livestock, and human capital—and one household characteristic—its size—interact with the assets form basis livelihood strategies. Predictions model are tested using purpose-collected data Jhabua, India. Implications our results for potential improved management alleviate poverty...

: Achieving the 90-90-90 targets by 2020 requires increased focus, resources, and efficiency to provide earlier access antiretroviral therapy (ART).We used 2009 2013 National AIDS Spending Assessment data assess HIV care treatment spending in 38 high-burden, low- middle-income countries (LMICs).In 2013, 23 of high-burden spent less than 50% total on treatment. ART per people living with (PLHIV; adjusted) averaged US$299 (US$32-US$2463). During a 10% increase average PLHIV was associated an...

BackgroundIn September, 2016, South Africa adopted a policy of providing antiretroviral treatment to everyone infected with HIV irrespective their CD4 cell count. Studies universal and expanded prevention differ widely in projections effects the associated costs, so we did this analysis attempt find consensus.MethodsWe used data on from Joint UN Programme AIDS (UNAIDS) 1988 2013 WHO tuberculosis 1980 fit dynamical model time trends prevalence, therapy (ART) coverage, notification rates...

The World Health Organization (WHO) HIV treatment guidelines have been used by various countries to revise their national guidelines. Our study discusses the policy response epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa and quantifies delays adopting WHO published 2009, 2013 2015.From Internet, health authorities experts, community members, we collected 59 from 33 African region, abstracted dates of publication antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility criteria. For these countries, representing 97%...

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) policy for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has historically been based on clinical indications, such as opportunistic infections and CD4 cell counts. Studies suggest that counts early in HIV infection do not predict relevant public health outcomes disease progression, mortality, transmission HIV. also vary widely within individuals among populations, leading to imprecise measurements arbitrary ART initiation. To capture the preventive...

Although the benefits of adopting test-and-treat antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines that recommend initiation ART regardless CD4 cell counts have been demonstrated at individual level, there is uncertainty about how this translates to population level. Here, we explored whether recommending earlier treatment improves access and viral suppression reduces overall disease transmission.Data on coverage, suppression, HIV incidence from 37 European Central Asian countries were collected...

HIV remains a major global public health threat with one million HIV-related deaths, two new infections and over 1 HIV-associated TB cases each year. However, population-based studies suggest marked declines in incidence, prevalence deaths the countries East Southern Africa that have expanded antiretroviral treatment (ART) at fastest rate world. Previous research has indicated most of positive epidemiologic developments are indeed due to rapid expansion ART. many modeling groups’ estimates...

Osteomalacia in neurofibromatosis is a rare entity and distinct from more common dysplastic skeletal affections of this disease. As rule, it characterized by later onset adulthood. There renal phosphate loss with hypophosphatemia multiple pseudofractures the typical cases. The hypophosphatemic conditions that interfere bone mineralization comprise many hereditary or acquired diseases, all them sharing same pathophysiological mechanism-reduction reabsorption tubuli. This process leads to...

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Treatment 2015 calls for expanded access to HIV care and treatment, including cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT), prevention of HIV-related morbidity mortality. We review 115 national guidelines from 92 countries recommendations CPT adults adolescents determine the level consistency with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Of 66 recommendations, 5 (8%) recommend lifelong people living HIV; 19 (29%) a CD4 count threshold ≤350...

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Three I's for HIV/TB (human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis): antiretroviral therapy (ART), intensified TB case finding (ICF), isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), and infection control (IC).Using a 3-year decision-analytic model, we estimated base scenario (55% ART coverage at CD4 count ⩿350 cells/mm(3)) 19 strategies that included one or more following: 1) 90% coverage, 2) IC 3) ICF using four-symptom screening 6- 36-month IPT. The diagnostic...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment prevents illness, death, and transmission. The 90-90-90 disease control target is only 73% of people living with HIV virally suppressed. For 2010 to 2019, we abstracted funding data for 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (70% global burden >99% the region 2018). During 2010-2019, there was ∼$52 billion (99% burden). Domestic ranged from $0 $3.2 billion. PEPFAR $32 (average $1.4 billion; range $0.089-4.3 billion) among 22 countries. Global Fund...

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) first came to our attention thirty-seven years ago, the acquired syndrome (AIDS) which it causes is, without treatment, 100% fatal with devastating consequences for millions of people.