Share Icon Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Reprints and Permissions Cite Search Site Citation Paul M. Chaikin, Thomas C. Lubensky, A. Witten; Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Physics Today 1 November 1995; 48 (11): 82. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2808258 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Dropdown Menu input auto suggest filter your All ContentPhysics Advanced

Dense periodic arrays of holes and dots have been fabricated in a silicon nitride–coated wafer. The are 20 nanometers across, 40 apart, hexagonally ordered with polygrain structure that has an average grain size 10 by 10. Spin-coated diblock copolymer thin films well-ordered spherical or cylindrical microdomains were used as the templates. microdomain patterns transferred directly to underlying nitride layer two complementary techniques resulted opposite tones patterns. This process opens...

Spontaneous formation of colonies bacteria or flocks birds are examples self-organization in active living matter. Here, we demonstrate a form from nonequilibrium driving forces suspension synthetic photoactivated colloidal particles. They lead to two-dimensional "living crystals," which form, break, explode, and re-form elsewhere. The dynamic assembly results competition between self-propulsion particles an attractive interaction induced respectively by osmotic phoretic effects activated...

Packing problems, such as how densely objects can fill a volume, are among the most ancient and persistent problems in mathematics science. For equal spheres, it has only recently been proved that face-centered cubic lattice highest possible packing fraction phi=pi/18 approximately 0.74. It is also well known certain random (amorphous) jammed packings have phi 0.64. Here, we show experimentally with new simulation algorithm ellipsoids randomly pack more densely-up to phi= 0.68 0.71 for...

We obtain useful information from the intensity autocorrelations of light scattered systems which exhibit strong multiple scattering. A phenomenological model, exploits diffusive nature transport light, is shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental data for several different scattering geometries. The dependence on geometry provides an important control over time scale probed. call this technique diffusing wave spectroscopy, and illustrate its utility by studying diffusion a...

The interactions between charged colloidal particles with sufficient strength to cause crystallization are shown be describable in terms of the usual Debye–Huckel approximation, but a renormalized charge. effective charge general is smaller than actual We calculate relationship and by solving Boltzmann–Poisson equation numerically spherical Wigner–Seitz cell. then relate numerical solutions osmotic pressure bulk modulus crystal. Our calculations also reveal that renormalization added...

The high-temperature limit for the thermopower of a system interacting localized carriers is governed entirely by entropy change per added carrier. calculation this quantity reduces to simple combinatorial problem dependent only on density and interactions stronger than thermal energy. We have thus been able generalize Heikes formula include several cases Fermi systems with spin.

A simple model for the depinning and dynamics of a sliding charge-density wave is presented. The consists viscously damped motion in periodic potential accounts main features nonlinear conductivity, noise, ac-dc coupling charge-density-wave state Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ at low temperature. Comparison with experimental data suggests that process associated displacement by approximately one period $\ensuremath{\lambda}$.

We have measured the shear modulus of lattices charged polystyrene spheres. describe a simple apparatus used in this study for determining frequency standing modes. For monodisperse lattices, crystals form, stabilized by repulsive Coulomb interaction, producing classical ’’Wigner crystal’’ characterized Bragg scattering and finite rigidity. studied rigidity as function volume fraction electrolyte concentration several particle diameters. Mixtures colloids with different diameters form...

We have studied the crystallization behavior of colloidal cubes by means tunable depletion interactions. The system consists novel micron-sized cubic particles prepared silica deposition on hematite templates and various non-adsorbing water-soluble polymers as agents. found that under certain conditions self-organize into crystals with a simple symmetry, which is set size depletant. dynamic crystal nucleation growth investigated, monitoring samples in time optical microscopy. Furthermore,...

Recently, disordered photonic media and random textured surfaces have attracted increasing attention as strong light diffusers with broadband wide-angle properties. We report the experimental realization of an isotropic complete band gap (PBG) in a 2D dielectric structure. This structure is designed by constrained optimization method, which combines advantages both isotropy due to disorder controlled scattering properties low-density fluctuations (hyperuniformity) uniform local topology. Our...

We have studied the ordering dynamics of striped patterns a single layer cylindrical block copolymer microdomains in thin film. By tracking disclinations during annealing with time-lapse atomic force microscopy, we observe dominant mechanism disclination annihilation involving three or four (quadrupoles). Pairwise events are suppressed as result topological constraints this system. The kinetic scaling laws exponents observed here consistent topologically allowed multiple disclinations....

Thin supported films of cylinder-forming block copolymers, containing a single layer microdomains (Figure top), ordinarily exhibit highly defective texture with no long-range order (lower left). Shearing these 30 nm thick aligns the cylinders, eliminates all orientational defects, and greatly reduces density translational defects right), enhancing utility as lithographic templates. See also front cover.

High-resolution, small-angle, synchrotron x-ray-scattering techniques were used to determine the phase diagram, structure factor, and pair distribution function for a charged colloidal suspension from 6% 30% volume fraction. The expected correlated liquid fcc bcc solid phases observed along with glass at high concentration similar metallic glasses. At fractions finite core size leads substantial deviation predictions resulting screened Coulomb interaction.

In this Letter, we report on the densest-known packings of congruent ellipsoids. The family new consists crystal arrangements spheroids with a wide range aspect ratios, and density phi always surpassing that densest Bravais lattice packing approximately equal to 0.7405. A remarkable maximum 0.7707 is achieved for maximal ratios larger than sqrt[3], when each ellipsoid has 14 touching neighbors. Our results are directly relevant understanding equilibrium behavior systems hard ellipsoids, and,...

The structure of thin films a symmetric diblock copolymer, P(dS-b-MMA) (dS = perdeuterated styrene, MMA methyl methacrylate), was investigated near preferential and nonpreferential (neutral) surfaces. Neutral surfaces were achieved at the substrate air interfaces by localizing random P(S-r-MMA), having styrene fraction 0.60, to each these interfaces. This performed chemically grafting copolymer anchoring surface active perfluorinated end group interface, respectively. Neutron reflectivity...

Using particle image velocimetry we have measured the sedimentation dynamics of non-Brownian colloidal spheres over a wide range low concentrations ( $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\le}0.05$) and sample cell sizes $W$. Fluctuations in settling velocity show universal large-scale finite-range correlations, form swirls, which depend simply on volume fraction radius follow...

Oil-water mixtures are ubiquitous in nature and particularly important biology industry. Usually additives used to prevent the liquid droplets from coalescing. Here, we show that stabilization can also be obtained electrostatics, because of well known remarkable properties water. Preferential ion uptake leads a tunable droplet charge surprisingly stable, additive-free, water-in-oil emulsions crystallize. For particle-stabilized ("Pickering") find even extremely hydrophobic, nonwetting...