We examined the effect of a labile soil amendment, compost, and recalcitrant biochar on microbial community structure, diversity, activity during turfgrass establishment. Two application rates (B1 at 12.5 t ha -1 B2 25 ), 5 centimeter (cm) green waste compost treatment (CM) in top soil, with cm (B1+CM), an unamended control (CK) were prepared seeded tall fescue. Overall, results phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) profiling Illumina high-throughput sequencing 16S rRNA genes amplified...

A 2-year field project was conducted in Thermal, Calif., to investigate cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] mulch as an alternative weed control option pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) production. Treatments included: bare ground (BG) with hand weeding, BG no (CM) and CM weeding. Cowpea seeded July on 76-cm beds irrigated buried drip line. Two weeks prior transplanting peppers, irrigation water turned off desiccate the plants. In September, cut at soil line, returned top of bed, plants were...

Methyl iodide was evaluated as a soil fumigant potential replacement for the widely used methyl bromide. In container trials, significantly more effective than bromide against plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, Heterodera schachtii and Tylenchulus semipenetrans pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. small field plots, populations of root-knot were no longer detected after fumigation at an application rate 112 kg ha-1. However, growing susceptible lima bean host two months,...

Landscape irrigation is the second largest user of reclaimed water in industrialized countries; however, its high concentration soluble salts, especially Na + and Cl – , may induce growth reduction leaf necrosis or bronzing ornamental species. The present study was conducted to determine quality responses nutritional ion imbalances selected landscape species during container production phase when subjected with increasing NaCl CaCl 2 concentrations. Plants boxwood [ Buxus microphylla var....

The effects of different soil textures (namely sand, loam, and clay) on peanut growth development were investigated using the carton planting method. results showed that sand is conducive to stems leaves peanuts in early period, loam middle late periods, clay not throughout entire period. Soil texture had a significant effect number flowers. This because amount flowering was insufficient clay. Although large mainly flowered there fruitless In fruitful difference total pegs between...

Efficacy of soil fumigation with methyl bromide and iodide against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium virens, Phytophthora citricola, citrophthora, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani Verticillium dahliae was determined in laboratory experiments closed chambers. ultimum the most sensitive fungal species EC50 values for 15.5 8.6 µM, respectively. R least 253.4 161.4 µM iodide, Relative potency ([methyl bromide]/[methyl iodide]) ranged from 5.2 P...

Organic agriculture is growing in importance worldwide. In the United States, rate of increase organic growers was estimated at 12% 2000. However, many producers are reluctant to undertake transition because uncertainty how production will affect weed population dynamics and management. The has a profound impact on agroecosystem. Changes soil physical chemical properties during often indirectly insect, disease, dynamics. Greater species richness usually found farms but total density biomass...

Path analysis is a statistical method for determining the magnitude and direction of multiple effects on complex process. We used path to assess 1) impact black nightshade( Solarium nigrum L.) or eastern ptycanthum Dun.) competition yield components `Heinz 6004' processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 2) relationship between total marketable yield. Either nightshade was interplanted with tomatoes at population densities from 0 4.8/m 2 . revealed that increasing weed density led...

The effect of black and eastern nightshade on the amount photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by a processing tomato canopy was studied along with correlation between PAR growth yield. During 1989 1990, were established at densities 0 to 4.8 m −2 within rows transplanted, irrigated tomatoes. Increasing density either species decreased number fruit; however, reduced yield more than nightshade. Eastern taller tomatoes, reducing reaching top canopy. positively correlated...

Summary Labonuory bioassay and field experiments were conducted to characterize the dose response of weeds methyl iodide bromide as soil fumigants. The patterns in potency both fumigants sensitivity diffcretit weed species distinguished with use logistic dose‐response models. Similar its hromide fumigation. Amaranthus retrofleus L. was most sensitive Cyperus rotundtis least fumigation, whereas Portuloca oleracea hromide. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Chenopodium album...

Abstract The phase‐out of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant has stimulated research into the use other fumigants for weed control. Methyl bromide, iodide, propargyl 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and metam‐sodium were tested alone in combination with chloropicrin laboratory experiments to determine their efficacy against Cyperus esculentus L (yellow nutsedge) tubers. Propargyl most efficacious tested, EC 50 values 3.7 6.5 µ M , respectively. relative potencies iodide not significantly different...

In an effort to identify new herbicides for vegetables crops, broccoli ( Brassica oleracea ) cantaloupe Cucumis melo ), carrot Daucus carota head lettuce Lactuca sativa bulb onion Allium cepa spinach Spinacia and processing tomato Lycopersicon esculentum were evaluated in the field tolerance eight herbicides. The following rates, expressed a.i. lb/acre, applied preemergence: carfentrazone, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 0.2; flufenacet, 0.525; flumioxazin, 0.063, 0.125 0.25; halosulfuron, 0.032 0.047;...

Growth habit is an important determinant of competitive ability in legume crops. Erect ‘Iron-Clay’ (IC), semi-erect ‘IT89KD-288’ (288), and prostrate ‘UCR 779’ (779) cowpea genotypes were planted with four densities common sunflower or purslane to determine which growth more these weeds having markedly different statures. Both reduced relative rate (RGR) but at phases the growing season. Low-growing had effect earlier part season, decreased RGR middle genotype IC was least affected 779 most...

Hybrids of Sorghum sudanensis (sudangrass) and bicolor genotypes can produce high amounts biomass, sorgoleone (a long chain hydroquinone), other phytotoxic substances. Shoots roots a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (cv. Trudan 8) were collected 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 days after emergence. Four concentrations aqueous extracts from the shoots (0, 0.4, 2, 10 g L-1, w/v) used to treat seeds lettuce (Lactuca sativa), tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), pigweed (Amaranthus...

Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at Five Points, CA, the San Joaquin Valley under irrigated conditions to study competition between four commonly grown tomato cultivars velvetleaf identify cultivar characteristics associated with greater tolerance velvetleaf. The effect of varied both year cultivar. When 5 plants m−1 row, marketable yield was reduced 8% 60% for H8892 58% 80% H9661, compared monoculture. Across densities, height not that However 1999, canopy width less than...

Application of linuron was compared with hand-weeding and a nontreated control (= control) for weed in carrots. Linuron, applied pre- or postemergent, slightly less effective than the 100% obtained by hand-weeding. Carrot yields were similar all treatments, at least six times as great control. In 1996, treatments returned net profits ranging from $980 to $1887 per ha, $740 -$2975 1997, return on greater, $5326 $6426, $2852 Marginal rates ranged 21% 86% 1996. every dollar invested over 59%....

The biochemical responses of plants to methanol have become subjects controversy since Nonomura and Benson (1992a, 1992b) reported remarkable growth enhancement C3 treated with methanol. Despite the authors’ numerous positive findings, other researchers had mixed results. Although some been (Devlin et al., 1994; Hemming 1995; Li Nishio Valenzuela 1994), most publications report no evidence gain in biomass (Hartz Mauney Gerik, McGiffen Mitchell 1994). These contradictory results left efficacy...

The growth habits of the crop and competing weed species are important determinants crop–weed competition. Three cowpea genotypes with similar vegetative vigor but different habit were assessed for their relative competitiveness two species. 'Iron-Clay' (IC) grows erect, 'IT89KD-288' (288) is semierect, 'UCR 779' (779) prostrate. Common purslane, a short-statured weed, common sunflower, tall species, planted within rows. Cowpea canopy height width, leaf area, dry weight, light intensity...

Understanding the effects of different sowing patterns and densities on plant growth characters yield peanut is essential for design adjustment management practices that allow improvement stabilization production. In present study, Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Luhua 11 was used to determine planting density pod development peanuts under mode single seeded precision through field experiments. The results showed an appropriate 195,000-225,000 per hectare leads optimal number produce pods, with dry...

Methyl iodide performance as a soil fumigant was compared with methyl bromide for Meloidogyne incognita control in carrot production. Both compounds were applied to tarped beds by hot-gas fumigation growers' fields near Bakersfield, California. at 112, 168, 224, and 336 kg ha -1 112 224 . Other chemical treatments included non-fumigated control, metam sodium (373 liters ), through overhead irrigation, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D; ) commercially shank applied. Soil either extracted or...