Dual-process theories of learning and addiction propose that whereas freely elected drug/reward-seeking is goal-directed in being mediated by the expected value outcome, cue-elicited habitual elicited directly antecedent stimuli, without retrieving a representation outcome value. To substantiate this claim, current study conducted human devaluation-transfer procedure which young adult smokers were first trained on concurrent choice task to earn tobacco chocolate points before one was...

Two dissociable learning processes underlie instrumental behaviour. Whereas goal-directed behaviour is controlled by knowledge of the consequences, habitual elicited directly antecedent Pavlovian stimuli without consequences. Predominance control thought to psychopathological conditions associated with corticostriatal abnormalities, such as impulsivity and drug dependence. To explore this claim, smokers were assessed for nicotine dependence, impulsivity, capacity over performance in an...

Human drug seeking may be goal directed in the sense that it is mediated by a mental representation of or habitual elicited drug-paired cues directly. To test these 2 accounts, authors assessed whether stimulus (S+) would transfer control to an independently trained drug-seeking response. Smokers were on instrumental discrimination established tobacco S+ Experiment 1 and money expectancy their respective outcomes. Participants then learned new responses, for each outcome, absence stimuli....

According to contemporary learning theory, drug-seeking behaviour reflects the summation of two dissociable controllers.Whereas goal-directed is determined by expected current incentive value drug, stimulus-elicited probability drug independently its value, and these controllers contribute additively observed drug-seeking.One applied prediction this model that smoking cessation pharmacotherapies selectively attenuate tonic but not cueelicited craving because they downgrade leave intact.To...

Animal studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse impairs goal-directed control over action selection indexed by the outcome-devaluation and specific Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedures, suggesting this impairment might underpin addiction. However, there is currently only weak evidence for impaired in human drug users. Two experiments were undertaken which treatment-seeking users non-matched normative reference samples (controls) completed procedures notionally...

Many young adults report frequent co-use of alcohol and marijuana, with some individuals engaging in simultaneous use (SAM; both substances within the same occasion resulting an overlap their effects) others concurrent (CAM; during a similar time period [e.g., past 30 days] but not occasion). Emerging work demonstrates that SAM relative to CAM places at greater risk for substance-related harms; however, these results primarily rely on U.S. samples. The goal present multi-country study was...

According to incentive salience theory, conditioned stimuli (CS+) associated with drug reinforcement acquire the capacity elicit a attentional orienting response, which controls drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour. We sought evidence for this proposal by measuring visual towards smoking pictures presented briefly in periphery of field, versus control likewise presented, smokers non-smokers. In each trial, non-smokers responded manually dot probe stimulus that appeared location previously...

Three localized, visual pattern stimuli were trained as predictive signals of auditory outcomes. One signal partially predicted an aversive noise in Experiment 1 and a neutral tone 2, whereas the other consistently either occurrence or absence noise. The expectation was measured during each presentation, only participants for whom this demonstrated contingency knowledge showed differential attention to signals. Importantly, when by fixations, contingency-aware group attended more than...

Individual differences in drug dependence may be mediated by several abnormalities associative learning, including perseveration of drug-seeking following contingency change, greater control over Pavlovian stimuli, or sensitivity to reinforcement establishing higher rates drug-seeking. To evaluate these three candidate markers for nicotine dependence, Experiment 1 contrasted daily (N = 22) and nondaily smoker groups on a novel instrumental learning task, where one S+ was first trained as...

Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer (PIT) refers the behavioral phenomenon of increased instrumental responding for a reinforcer when in presence conditioned stimuli that were separately paired with reinforcer. PIT effects may play an important role substance use disorders, but little is known about brain mechanisms underlie these alcohol consumers. We report and electroencephalographic (EEG) data from group social drinkers (n = 31) who performed task which they chose between two responses...

Acute negative mood powerfully motivates alcohol-seeking behavior, but it remains unclear whether sensitivity to this effect is greater in drinkers who report depression symptoms, drinking cope, and subjective reactivity. To examine these questions, 128 young adult alcohol (ages 18-25) completed questionnaires of use disorder cope with affect. Baseline choice was measured by preference enlarge versus food thumbnail images two-alternative forced-choice trials. Negative then induced depressive...

There has long been need for a behavioural intervention that attenuates cue-evoked drug-seeking, but the optimal method remains obscure. To address this, we report three approaches to extinguish drug-seeking measured in Pavlovian instrumental transfer design, non-treatment seeking adult smokers and alcohol drinkers. The results showed ability of drug stimulus control over separately trained response was not affected by undergoing extinction training experiment 1, abolished discriminative 2,...

In adults, it has been shown that the relationship between childhood abuse and substance misuse problems is mediated by belief use helps cope with negative affective states. By contrast, in adolescents, unknown whether drug coping motives play this same mediating role.Secondary analysis of 1149 school attending adolescents Cape Town, South Africa (average age = 16.24 years, range 13-23; 60% female). Questionnaire measures obtained during a single test session (among larger battery) assessed...

Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with greater alcohol problems despite lower consumption, but the mechanisms underpinning this harm paradox remain obscure. Fragmented published evidence collectively supports a multistage causal risk pathway wherein socioeconomic increases probability of exposure to aversive experience, which promotes internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety), drinking cope negative affect, in turn accelerates transition from use dependence. To evaluate proposed...