Evolutionary dynamical models for cyclic competitions of three species (e.g., rock, paper and scissors, or RPS) provide a paradigm, at the microscopic level individual interactions, to address many issues in coexistence biodiversity. Real ecosystems often involve among more than species. By extending RPS game model five (rock-paper-scissors-lizard-Spock, RPSLS) mobile species, we uncover fundamental type mesoscopic interactions subgroups In particular, lead emergence various local groups...

The existence of neutral species carries profound ecological implications that warrant further investigation. In this paper, we study the impact on biodiversity in a spatial tritrophic system cyclic competition, which are identified as fourth may affect competition process other three under rock-paper-scissors (RPS) rule. Extensive simulations showed can promote coexistence high mobility regime within system. When occurs, found state be maintained by two mechanisms: Species either (i) adhere...

Evolutionary games of cyclic competitions have been extensively studied to gain insights into one the most fundamental phenomena in nature: biodiversity that seems be excluded by principle natural selection. The Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) game three species and its extensions [e.g., Rock-Paper-Scissors-Lizard-Spock (RPSLS) game] are paradigmatic models this field. In all previous studies, intrinsic symmetry associated with imposes a limitation on resulting coexistence states, leading only...

Complex networks are widespread in real-world environments across diverse domains. Real-world tend to form spontaneously through interactions between individual agents. Inspired by this, we design an evolutionary game model which agents participate a prisoner’s dilemma (PDG) with their neighboring Agents can autonomously modify connections neighbors using reinforcement learning avoid unfavorable environments. Interestingly, our findings reveal some remarkable results. Exploiting...

This paper proposes the weighted dilution of precision (WDOP) with consideration satellite elevation angle in order to improve performance (DOP), which is a standard tool quantify positional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The WDOP calculated by assigning different weights visible GNSS satellites depending on their angles. In demonstrate effectiveness WDOP, conventional DOP and were mathematically analyzed comparative analysis was conducted using actual Positioning data. Results...

This article reports a numerical study of natural convection in vertical annulus filled with fluid-saturated porous medium, and internal heat generation subject to discrete heating from the inner wall. The relative importance on is examined via Brinkman-extended Darcy equation. wall has source outer isothermally cooled at lower temperature. top bottom walls unheated portions are kept adiabatic. governing equations numerically solved using an implicit finite difference method. A wide range...

Investment in resources is essential for facilitating information dissemination real-world contexts, and comprehending the influence of resource allocation on is, thus, crucial efficacy collaborative networks. Nonetheless, current studies frequently fail to clarify complex interplay between distribution network contexts. In this work, we establish a resource-based model identify by examining propagation threshold equilibriums. We assess model’s juxtaposing mean-field method with Monte Carlo...

The main goal of this paper is to study how a decision-making rule for vaccination can affect epidemic spreading by exploiting the Bush–Mosteller (BM) model, one methodologies in reinforcement learning artificial intelligence (AI), which realize systematic process humans, on complex networks. We consider BM model with two stages—vaccination and epidemiological processes—and address independent rules about fixed loss consideration average payoff neighbors update agent’s behavior various...

A fundamental result in the evolutionary-game paradigm of cyclic competition spatially extended ecological systems, as represented by classic Reichenbach-Mobilia-Frey (RMF) model, is that high mobility tends to hamper or even exclude species coexistence. This was obtained under hypothesis individuals move randomly without taking into account suitability their local environment. We incorporate habitat RMF model and investigate its effect on In particular, we hypothesize use "basic instinct"...

Cyclically competition models have been successful to gain an insight of biodiversity mechanism in ecosystems. There are, however, still limitations elucidate complex phenomena arising real competition. In this paper, we report that a multistability occurs simple rock-paper-scissor cyclically model by assuming intraspecific depends on the logistic growth each species density. This stability is absent any model, and investigate how proposed affects existing society three through macroscopic...

We consider a Darwinian (evolutionary game theoretic) version of standard susceptible-infectious SI model in which the resistance disease causing pathogen to treatment that prevents death infected individuals is subject evolutionary adaptation. determine existence and stability all equilibria, both disease-free endemic, use results conditions under will succeed or fail. Of particular interest are successful absence adaptation (i.e. one leads stable equilibrium) fail when adaptive. These...

Abstract In this article, we numerically study natural convection heat transfer in a cylindrical annular cavity with discrete sources on the inner wall, whereas outer wall is isothermally cooled at lower temperature, and top bottom unheated portions of are assumed to be thermally insulated. To investigate effect heating transfer, most two located near walls considered, size location these heaters varied enclosure. The governing equations solved by an implicit finite difference method. heater...

Understanding mechanisms which promote or hinder existing ecosystems are important issues in ecological sciences. In addition to fundamental interactions such as competition and migration among native species, can be easily disturbed by external factors, the emergence of new species may an example cases. The does not exist a current ecosystem regarded either alien entered from outside mutant born mutation normal species. Recently, getting influenced various physical/chemical due...

We study the spatial rock-paper-scissors game with adaptive mutation which may describe imitation behaviors of two competing species. introduce an where one species tend to mutate other by implementing a fundamental mechanism respect local fitness comparing payoffs its origin updated when it mutates other. By means Monte Carlo simulations, we show that coexistence can be promoted intensification at certain high mobility regimes lead extinction traditionally, even if extremely results in as...

Alternative strategy is common in animal populations to promote reproductive fitness by obtaining resources. In spatial dynamics of cyclic competition, reproduction can occur when individuals obtain vacant rooms and, this regard, empty sites should be resources for which induced interspecific competition. paper, we study the role alternative competition system cyclically competing five species utilizing rock-paper-scissors-lizard-spock game. From Monte-Carlo simulations, found that strong...

Abstract Recognizing territories is essential to decide behavior of population either human or animals, and interaction between groups individuals according the territorial awareness universal. Understanding various mechanisms which affect on such species behaviors can be possible by evolutionary games, in particular, rock–paper–scissors (RPS) game has been played a key role as paradigmatic model explore biodiversity from microbiota societies. Among paramount systems RPS, intraspecific...

We investigate evolving dynamics of cyclically competing species on spatially extended systems with considering a specific region, which is called the “wildlife refuge,” one institutional ways to preserve biodiversity. Through Monte-Carlo simulations, we found that refuge can play not groundbreaking but an important role in survival. Species coexistence maintained at moderate mobility regime, traditionally leads collapse coexistence, and eventually, extinction postponed depending competition...

Recognizing surrounding situations, such as enemy attacks, which can be realized by predator-prey relationships, is one of the common behaviors population in ecosystems. In this paper, we explore relationship between species' behavior and biodiversity spatial rock-paper-scissors game employing ecological concept "vigilance." order to describe vigilance process, adopt a multiplex structure where two distinct layers virtual physical interactions. By investigating process evolution species,...

We study the dynamics of cyclic competing mobile five species on spatially extended systems originated from asymmetric initial populations and investigate basins for three possible asymptotic states, coexistence all species, existences only two independent extinction. Through extensive numerical simulations, we find a prosperous dependence conditions biodiversity. In particular, fixed given equal densities relevant that existence exist they are spirally entangled high mobility. A basin is...