Increasing human population demands more fuel supply causing the release of hazardous greenhouse gases that could be compensated by supplementing with renewable and environment-friendly alternatives such as biofuels. The argument against use food crops for biofuel production it may cause shortages can countered using feedstock outside chain. This opens up possibility halophytes, algae photosynthetic bacteria sources carbon neutral which produced sustainably without compromising conventional...

The impact of rainfall interpolation techniques and unit hydrograph estimation has been explored for four gauged locations in the Brahmani basin east India. use ground-based satellite-based data, coupled with testing two (Thiessen polygon inverse distance weighting), can yield improved estimates fits to observed flows. Due presence significant errors areal estimate it was found that identification known data assist focusing model calibration on catchment response, thereby reducing...

In past few years Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) has been used by many organizations with gigantic data sets and streams of operations on it. HDFS provides distinct features like, high fault tolerance, scalability, etc. The Name Node machine is a single point failure (SPOF) for cluster. If the fails, system needs to be re-started manually, making less available. This paper proposes highly available architecture its working principle against SPOF utilizing well-known 2-Phase Commit...

Abstract The Late Cretaceous Chagai arc outcrops in western Pakistan, southern Afghanistan and eastern Iran. It is the Tethyan convergence zone, formed by northward subduction of Arabian oceanic plate beneath Afghan block. oldest unit Sinjrani Volcanic Group. This composed porphyritic lava flows volcaniclastic rocks, subordinate shale, sandstone, limestone chert. are fractionated low‐K tholeiitic basalts, basalticandesites, andesites. Relative enrichment their LILE depletion HFSE, negative...

Load Forecasting has an important role in load generation, scheduling, planning etc. power system. Different computational intelligent techniques are used Short Term (STLF) to make it more effective. Neural Networks (NN) is effective mapping algorithm that can map complex input-output relationships, which technique do STLF having existing dataset. Usually a proper NN sufficient achieve accepted level of performance. But different dataset may bear some irregular nature demand scenario due...

In today's world, telecommunications infrastructure holds a significance to that of roadways in the early 19th century, serving as vital link for governments and individuals alike. With heightened market competition decreasing calling rates, coupled with rising expectations Quality Service (QoS), operators are striving enhance QoS while optimizing resources manage operational costs. However, challenges such power shortages fuel theft persist, leading frequent network outages. To address...

Sentiment analysis is widely used today to make data-driven decisions in different industries, starting from marketing and including brand management, reputation monitoring, customer satisfaction analysis. Its growing importance closely linked with so-called ‘word-of-mouth’ communication, reading online reviews writing comments on social networks. Effective separation of sentiments ensures that companies' responses are timely critical patterns seen big data sets. Statistical measures,...

Pakistan has the largest contiguous, well-articulated, and comprehensive irrigation system in world, with 3 storage reservoirs, 68 small dams, 19 diversion barrages, 45 canal commands 12 Link Canals for inter-basin transfer of water. About 0.1 million outlets supply water to farmers irrigate land besides more than 600,000 tubewells. The whole network an area acres (18.22 Mha) out which 79 percent is irrigated by canals or tubewells/wells. More half areas (58 percent) perennially 42...

There is always demand for high performance single chip microprocessor. In this regard microprocessor's manufacturers have worked hard and gone through different techniques like increasing its clock speed, cache size, cores hyper threading. But past few years the designer realized that all these are insignificant until microprocessor fast interconnect, which can provide access to memory, other I/O devices. FSB (Front Side Bus) was used in microprocessors shared pathway communication of with...

ABSTRACT Baorli-Bambore watershed is a small hydrological unit of 870 ha located 39 km west Jodhpur in arid western Rajasthan. In this area, the management programme began year 2000 with water conservation measures like construction check dams at suitable location streams, gully plugging eroded sites and improvement Khadin (a traditional system farming rabi crops grown during winter season using conserved moisture) to enhance availability soil cropping season. This study assessed structure...

Now a days country cannot become economically strong until and unless it has enough electrical power to fulfil industrial domestic needs. Electrical being the pillar of any country’s economy, needs be used in an efficient way. The same step is taken here by proposing new system for energy distribution from substation consumer houses, also monitors consumption record data. Unlike traditional manual systems, pervasive electricity (PEDS) introduces fresh perspective monitor feeder line status...