Abstract Although self-medication in non-human animals is often difficult to document systematically due the difficulty of predicting its occurrence, there widespread evidence such behaviors as whole leaf swallowing, bitter pith chewing, and fur rubbing African great apes, orangutans, white handed gibbons, several other species monkeys Africa, Central South America Madagascar. To best our knowledge, only one report active wound treatment animals, namely chimpanzees. We observed a male...

Evidence for flexible impulse control over food consumption is rare in non-human animals. So far, only primates and corvids have been shown to be able fully inhibit the of a desirable item anticipation gain quality or quantity longer than minute. We tested Goffin cockatoos ( Cacatua goffini ) an exchange task. Subjects were bridge delays up 80 s preferred 20 higher quantity, providing first evidence temporal discounting birds that do not cache food.

Abstract Decisions involving the use of tools may require an agent to consider more levels relational complexity than merely deciding between immediate and a delayed option. Using new experimental approach featuring two different types tools, apparatuses as well reward, we investigated Goffin cockatoos’ ability make flexible profitable decisions within five setups. Paralleling previous results in primates, most birds overcame drives favor future gains; some did so even if tool involved...

Innovative tool manufacture is rare and hard to isolate in animals. We show that an Indonesian generalist parrot, the Goffin's cockatoo, can flexibly spontaneously transfer of stick-type tools across three different materials. Each material required manipulation patterns, including substrates active sculpting for achieving a functional, elongated shape.

The spontaneous crafting of hook-tools from bendable material to lift a basket out vertical tube in corvids has widely been used as one the prime examples animal tool innovation. However, it was recently suggested that animals' solution hardly innovative but strongly influenced by predispositions habitual use and nest building. We tested Goffin's cockatoo, which is neither specialized user nor builder, on similar task set-up. Three birds individually learned bend hook tools straight wire...

Joking draws on complex cognitive abilities: understanding social norms, theory of mind, anticipating others' responses and appreciating the violation others’ expectations. Playful teasing, which is present in preverbal infants, shares many these features. There some evidence that great apes can tease structurally similar ways, but no systematic study exists. We developed a coding system to identify playful teasing applied it video zoo-housed apes. All four species engaged intentionally...

Abstract One hallmark in the evolution of cooperation is ability to evaluate one's own payoff for a task against that another person. To trace its evolutionary history, there has recently been surge comparative studies across different species. In non‐human animals, evidence inequity aversion so far identified several primate species, dogs, and rats. Research birds revealed mixed findings far: among corvids, crows ravens did react sensitively unequal payoffs work‐effort, while New Caledonian...

Betty the crow astonished scientific world as she spontaneously crafted hook-tools from straight wire in order to lift a basket out of vertical tubes. Recently it was suggested that this species' solution strongly influenced by predispositions behavioural routines habitual hook-tool manufacture. Nevertheless, task became paradigm investigate tool innovation. Considering young humans had surprising difficulties with task, yet unclear whether innovation hooked would be feasible primates lacked...

Making economic decisions in a natural foraging situation that involves the use of tools may require an animal to consider more levels relational complexity than merely deciding between immediate and delayed food option. We used same method previously with Goffin´s cockatoos investigate orangutans' flexibility for making most profitable when confronted five different settings included one or two apparatuses, items (one preferred other). found orangutans made relative reward quality, task...

Flexible targeted helping is considered an advanced form of prosocial behavior in hominoids, as it requires the actor to assess different situations that a conspecific may be in, and subsequently flexibly satisfy needs partner depending on nature those situations. So far, apart from humans such behaviour has only been experimentally shown chimpanzees Eurasian jays. Recent studies highlight tendencies several bird species, yet flexible remained untested, largely due methodological issues...

Abstract The readiness to interact with and explore novel stimuli—i.e., curiosity—is the cornerstone of innovation. Great apes show broad complex innovation repertoires. However, little is known about factors that affect curiosity in wild apes. To shed light on apes’ curiosity, we measured reactions Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ) an experiment apparatus. Overall, individuals were reluctant touch compared adults, immatures showed higher tendencies (measured through looking durations...

Abstract Although several nonhuman animals have the ability to recognize and match templates in computerized tasks, we know little about their recall then physically manufacture specific features of mental templates. Across three experiments, Goffin cockatoos ( Cacatua goffiniana ), a species that can use tools captivity, were exposed two pre-made template objects, varying either colour, size (long or short) shape (I L-shaped), where only one was rewarded. Birds given opportunity versions...

Abstract The readiness to interact with, and explore, novel stimuli – i.e., curiosity are cornerstones of innovation. Great apes show the broadest most complex innovation repertoires. However, little is known about factors that affect in wild apes. To shed light on apes’ curiosity, we measured reactions Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ) an experimental apparatus. Compared adults, immatures showed higher tendencies visually explore approach apparatus but were more likely signs agitation....