Abstract Although self-medication in non-human animals is often difficult to document systematically due the difficulty of predicting its occurrence, there widespread evidence such behaviors as whole leaf swallowing, bitter pith chewing, and fur rubbing African great apes, orangutans, white handed gibbons, several other species monkeys Africa, Central South America Madagascar. To best our knowledge, only one report active wound treatment animals, namely chimpanzees. We observed a male...

Several studies have suggested that wild primates tend to behave with caution toward novelty, whereas captive are thought be less neophobic, more exploratory, and innovative. However, few systematically compared individuals of the same species document this “captivity effect” in greater detail. Here we report responses both orangutans novel items. Novel objects were presented on multiple platforms placed canopy equipped motion‐triggered video cameras. The different also two zoos. results...

Abstract In recent decades, researchers have increasingly documented the impact of anthropogenic activities on wild animals, particularly in relation to changes behaviour. However, whether human-induced behavioural wildlife may be considered evidence cultural evolution remains an open question. We explored responses different types human species already known display behaviour transmitted through social learning, non-human primates (NHPs), are suggestive wild. Results indicate that influence...

Orangutans have one of the slowest-paced life histories all mammals. Whereas life-history theory suggests that time to reach adulthood is constrained by needed adult body size, needing-to-learn hypothesis instead it limited acquire adult-level skills. To test between these two hypotheses, we compared development foraging skills and growth trajectories immature wild orangutans in populations: at Tuanan (

Dispersal has been suggested to be challenging, especially for species that heavily rely on social learning knowledge acquisition. One of the obstacles migrants face is how cope with an unfamiliar, new habitat, which may involve from resident individuals. So far, only very few studies have looked at in after dispersal. Here we examine migrant male orangutans use a behavior called “peering” (an indicator observational learning), learn local In total, analyzed 4,009 daily dyadic associations...

<title>Abstract</title> Humans accumulate extensive repertoires of culturally-transmitted information, reaching breadths exceeding any individual’s innovation capacity (culturally-dependent repertoires). It is unclear whether other animals require social learning to acquire adult-like information in the wild, including by key developmental milestones, or if are capable constructing their knowledge primarily through independent exploration. We investigated mediates orangutans' diet-repertoire...

Background Transfusing blood products may induce inflammatory reactions within the vascular compartment potentially leading to a systemic response. Experiments were designed assess potential of different in an endothelial cell-based vitro model and compare baseline levels activating substances transfusion products. Methods The response from pre-activated (endotoxin-stimulated) non-activated cells as well neutrophil transmigration packed red (PRBC), platelet concentrates (PC) fresh frozen...

Abstract It has been hypothesized that opportunities for social learning affect the size and complexity of adult skill set birds mammals, their ability, thus ultimately also innovation frequency. To test these predictions we compared rates learning, independent exploration (independent learning) repertoires between individuals a highly sociable population Pongo abelii at Suaq Balimbing less pygmaeus wurmbii Tuanan. immatures showed significantly higher peering, even after controlling...

The strictly cumulative emergence of manipulative skills in primates constrains the evolution complex technology.

Large brains provide adaptive cognitive benefits but require unusually high, near-constant energy inputs and become fully functional well after their growth is completed. Consequently, young of most larger-brained endotherms should not be able to independently support the development own brains. This paradox solved if evolution extended parental provisioning facilitated brain size evolution. Comparative studies indeed show that coevolved with it may improve immature survival. The major role...

Humans' colonization of diverse habitats relied on our ancestors' abilities to innovate and share innovations with others.While ecological impacts are well studied, their effect social learning remains poorly understood.We examined how food availability affects in migrant orangutan unflanged males, who may learn from local orangutans through peering (i.e., observational learning).We analyzed 1,384 dyadic associations, including 360 events, among 46 wild Sumatran 25 Bornean collected over 18...

Play is thought to serve different purposes at times during ontogeny. The nature and frequency of play are expected change accordingly over the developmental trajectory with socio-ecological context. Orangutans offer opportunity disentangle ontogenetic trajectories solitary social their extended immature phase, variation among populations species. We evaluated in 39 individuals across two (

Nest building is an important subsistence behaviour that young great apes must learn to become competent adults. Orang-utans show a remarkable degree of variability and selectivity for broad range features in their nest building. However, the details when different aspects nest-building skills emerge remain unclear. We used data on 27 immature Sumatran orang-utans 20 mothers collected over decade at Suaq Balimbing, Sumatra investigate immatures develop examine tree species preferences...

Brain size variability in primates has been attributed to various domain-specific socio-ecological factors. A recently published large-scale study of short-term memory abilities 41 primate species (ManyPrimates 2022 Anim. Behav. Cogn. 9, 428–516. (doi: 10.26451/abc.09.04.06.2022 )) did not find any correlations with 11 different proxies external cognitive demands. Here, we found that the interspecific variation test performance shows correlated evolution total brain size, relationship...

Abstract Mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring to maximize lifetime fitness. Flexible maternal investment may be particularly important large-brained species with prolonged care, e.g., great apes. We investigated the effects of socioecological factors and mother–offspring characteristics on nine behaviors wild Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ; N = 22 mother-offspring pairs; &gt;11,200 hr focal data from 2007–2022) using generalized linear mixed models. The fall under four...