A key component of temperament models is the presumed temporal stability traits. Although a substantial literature using parent report measures has addressed this claim, very few investigations have examined alternative measurement strategies, particularly those that involve direct assessment emotional expressions. This study reports on relative and heterotypic continuity traits measured via laboratory tasks maternal in sample children assessed at ages 3, 5, 7, focusing Positive Emotionality...

A number of models developed in the adult psychopathology literature (i.e., L. A. Clark & D. Watson, 1991) have asserted that low levels positive emotionality (PE) are predisposing factors or precursors for depression and represent a form temperamental risk depression. Further support this claim would derive from evidence linking PE to known indicators The authors examined association between young children parental mood disorders. One hundred unselected preschool-aged completed battery...

Carver and White's (1994) Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scales have been useful tools for studying individual differences in reward-punishment sensitivity; however, their factor structure invariance across development not well tested. In the current study, we examined of BIS/BAS 5 age groups: 6- to 10-year-old children (N = 229), 11- 13-year-old early adolescents 311), 14- 16-year-old late 353), 18- 22-year-old young adults 844), 30- 45-year-old 471)....

This study examined associations between temperament at age 3 and maternal reports of youths' depressive symptoms ages 7 10. Fifty-three preschool aged children were assessed for positive emotionality (PE) negative (NE) using laboratory naturalistic home observations. Neither PE nor NE predicted after controlling children's anxious/depressive 3. However, both observational parent-report measures indicated that lower greater 10 Moreover, mothers' with higher exhibited the greatest increase in...

Transdiagnostic frameworks such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) offer an exciting future for psychopathology research but may pose measurement data analytic challenges because historically researchers have often relied on Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders (DSM) to guide assessment. We address these by providing recommendations (a) measure selection, (b) analysis, (c) participant recruitment when conducting from a...

This study examined associations between temperament at age 3 and depressotypic cognitive styles 7 in a community sample of children. Sixty-four preschool aged children were assessed for positive emotionality (PE) negative (NE) using standardized battery laboratory tasks naturalistic home observations. At follow-up 4 years later, the completed designed to tap helplessness social problem-solving situations, information-processing biases, self-reports attributional style. Lower PE predicted...

Research implicates the A1 allele of dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1A polymorphism in development depression and anxiety. Furthermore, recent papers suggest that children with this may receive less positive parenting, effects on child symptoms be moderated by parenting. We sought to replicate extend these findings using behavioral measures a nonclinical sample young children.

Abstract Evidence supporting the continuity between child temperament and adult personality traits is accumulating. One important indicator of presence reliable gender differences in across lifespan. A substantial literature demonstrates on certain recent meta‐analytic work samples suggests similar for some broad narrow domains temperament. However, most existing studies children rely only parent‐report measures. The present study investigated assessed by laboratory observation,...

The goal of this special section is to examine the mechanisms enhanced sensitivity and sensitization stress as they influence etiology pathophysiology psychopathology. 12 articles in focus on some most crucial unanswered questions regarding underlying functional consequences They address constructs using state-of-the-art, often novel, methodologies. also focuses an important terminological distinction between two related but distinct that are conflated. Individuals who sensitive possess...

Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) are receiving increased attention as a novel biomarker of psychophysiological responses to chronic stress, with potential relevance for psychopathology risk research. We examined the validity HCC marker psychosocial stress in mother (M(age) = 37.87 years)-daughter 7.62 years) dyads characterized by higher (n 30) or lower maternal stress. Additionally, we whether early care moderated similarity levels within dyads. Higher-stress mothers had significantly...

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to identify predictors of course and outcome in dysthymic disorder. METHOD: Eighty-six outpatients with early-onset disorder (before age 21) participated a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Family history psychopathology, early home environment, axis I II comorbidity, social support, chronic stress were assessed at baseline. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale used assessments conducted 30 60 months. RESULTS:...

Early-emerging, temperamental differences in fear-related traits may be a heritable vulnerability factor for anxiety disorders. Previous research indicates that the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism is candidate gene such traits.Associations between 5-HTTLPR genotype and indices of fearful child temperament, derived from maternal report standardized laboratory observations, were examined community sample 95 preschool-aged children.Children with one or more long alleles rated...

Effortful control (EC), or the trait‐like capacity to regulate dominant responses, has important implications for children’s development. Although genetic factors and parenting likely influence EC, few studies have examined whether they interact predict its This study DRD4 exon III variable number tandem repeat polymorphism moderated relation between EC. Three hundred eighty‐two 3‐year‐olds primary caregivers completed behavioral tasks assessing EC parenting. Children’s genotypes EC:...

The brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF), a 27 kD polypeptide, is one of the most widely expressed neurotrophins in brain, regulating neural development and plasticity. BDNF gene contains functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265), which results valine to methionine substitution (val66met), leading reduced mature expression. This has been implicated host psychiatric disorders focus many ongoing genetic studies.To develop an efficient rapid method detect val66met one-step PCR...

Depressed individuals exhibit memory biases on the self-referent encoding task (SRET), such that those with depression poorer recall of positive, and enhanced negative, trait adjectives (referred to as positive negative processing biases). However, it is unclear when SRET emerge, whether they are stable, if predict, or predicted by, depressive symptoms. To address this, a community sample 434 children completed symptoms measure at ages 6 9. Negative exhibited low, but significant, stability....

Abstract Temperamental effortful control has important implications for children's development. Although genetic factors and parenting may influence control, few studies have examined interplay between the two in predicting its The current study investigated associations a facet of inhibitory ( IC ), whether these were moderated by children had 7‐repeat variant DRD 4 exon III VNTR . A community sample 409 3‐year‐olds completed behavioural tasks to assess , observational measures also...

Objective Early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an essential healthcare priority. Girls may be at risk for late diagnosis, although research equivocal regarding how sex and other factors relate to ASD identification. The goals the current investigation were (1) identify child sex, cognitive abilities, demographic age first concern (AOC) diagnosis (AOD), (2) evaluate trends in AOC/AOD over time, (3) consider whether main effects on are moderated by abilities or time.Method...