This study focuses on the removal and risk assessment of twenty emerging contaminants (ECs) heavy metals in a REMIX water treatment plant (RWTP) that produces drinking from combination wastewater reuse desalination. The membrane biological reactor (MBR) exhibit rates exceeding 95% pharmaceuticals like acetaminophen, trimethoprim, diclofenac, naproxen, emtricitabine. efficiency brackish reverse osmosis (BWRO) removing ECs is highlighted, showing substantial efficacy with reduction 99.5%,...

Phthalate ester plasticizers were determined in rivers and dams of the Venda region, South Africa. Liquid-liquid extraction, column chromatographic clean-up capillary gas chromatography methods used for quantitative analyses. Levels phthalates water samples from ranged 0.16 mg/ℓ to 10.17 varied between 0.02 mg/kg 0.89 sediments. Generally, highest concentrations found as DBP DEHP, which is consistent with their common use plastic materials other industrial chemicals. The phthalate levels...

A multi-residue method for the determination of occurrence and prevalence levels selected veterinary pharmaceutical residues in surface water was developed on a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV) detector, tested with intent profiling their distribution. The limit detection (LOD) quantitation (LOQ) achieved pharmaceuticals; acetaminophen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, bisphenol-A, 17β-estradiol, estriol,...

Aims: To assess contamination of drinking water in rural Zimbabwe and South Africa Methods: We conducted a cohort study 254 children aged 12-24 months Zimbabwe. In dry wet seasons, we measured quality, using the indicator organism E. coli, at improved unimproved sources, household storage cups. also recorded hygiene socio-economic factors for each household. Results: For samples with coli counts less than 10 cfu/100ml were as follows: source: 165 (88%); 137 (59%); cups 91 (49%). The...

The objective of this cohort study was to assess risk factors for child dysentery and watery diarrhoea. participants consisted 254 children aged 12–24 months in rural South Africa Zimbabwe households where drinking water collected from communal sources. main outcome measure the most severe diarrhoea episode: dysentery, or none. For sources other than standpipes had a relative ratio 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.8). Poor source quality, as indicated by Escherichia coli counts 10 more cfu 100 ml−1,...

The primary aquifer at Atlantis (Western Cape, South Africa) is ideally suited for water supply and the indirect recycling of urban stormwater runoff treated domestic wastewater potable purposes. relatively thin, sloping requires careful management artificial recharge abstraction balancing levels. Water quality a further key issue ensuring highest water. Groundwater varies from point to in aquifer, while qualities vary greatly. layout town allows separation residential industrial areas as...

Antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viral infections are among emerging contaminants considered ecological risk assessment. These compounds have been reported to be widely distributed in water bodies aquatic environments, while data concerning they may pose unintended non-target species a different ecosystem (environment) is scanty. In South Africa developing countries, lamivudine one common antiretrovirals applied. Despite this, little...

The occurrence of diarrheal infections depends on the level water and sanitation services available to households immunocompromised individuals children less than five years old. It is therefore paramount importance for be supplied with safe drinking better health outcomes. current study aimed at ascertaining probability infection that Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, rotavirus might cause rural dwellers as compared urban dwellers. Both...

The intensive use of antibiotics (for human, veterinary, and agricultural purposes) has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Large amounts antibiotic residues are released into aquatic systems, mostly due to inefficient wastewater treatment. Conventional treatments not designed remove emerging contaminants (such as antibiotics) from wastewater. Therefore, algae treatment (phycoremediation) emerged a promising choice for cost-effective, eco-friendly, sustainable For this reason, we...

A customised Water-related Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (WRQMRA) process was used to determine risk of infection water ingested by users in the south-eastern Free State, South Africa. The WRQMRA consisted an observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and a quantitative microbial assessment (QMRA). OAELA based on occurrence E. coli study waters possible QMRA probable salmonellae. applied recreational surface resource as well from unprotected spring treated municipal supply that...

Efforts to provide water developing communities in South Africa have resulted various types of supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between type supply and quality Source (communal taps, private outdoor indoor taps) point-of-use samples were for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total faecal coliforms, E. coli , coliphages. Ten percent also analysed enteric viruses, Giardia Cryptosporidium . Approximately 320 households included a case-control study. In addition,...

Abstract Potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in bottled water from various countries. In South Africa (SA), increased consumption and concomitant increases plastic packaging create important consequences for public health. This study aimed to screen SA estrogenic activity, selected target assessing potential health risks. Ten brands were exposed 20 °C 40 over 10 days. Estrogenic activity was assessed using the recombinant yeast estrogen (YES) T47D-KBluc reporter gene...

Studies have shown that the aquatic environment can be polluted by contaminates are accumulated freshwater fish and this may pose a health risk to consumers of contaminated fish. Developed counties like United States America developed strategies associated guidance documentation conduct chemical contaminant surveys using use these data reduce heath In paper generic methodology is presented will give in undertaking provide information regarding possible if consumed recreational subsistence...