Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film is an active smart penetrating the market due to its unique functionalities. These functional characteristics include switchable tint capabilities, which shield building residents from sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays, improve energy-saving features, and produce higher cost-efficiency. Although PDLC films are promising in several applications, there still ambiguity on performance of films. Particularly, sizing effects’ (such as thickness area)...

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are that change their optical properties in response to a low applied voltage. These typically consist of an electrochromic layer, transparent conducting substrate, and electrolyte. The advancement solid-state ECDs has been driven by the need for improved durability, performance, energy efficiency. In this study, we investigate varying temperature casting solution polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based electrolytes with structure glass/ITO/WO3/PMMA...

Over the past few decades, electrochromism has been a prominent topic in energy-saving applications, which is based on mechanism of altering optical transmittance EC materials under effect small applied voltage. Thus, tungsten oxide (WO3) significant chemical compound typically electrochromic devices (ECDs) as it responsible for variation. In this work, WO3 films were produced through sol–gel spin-coating method. The various transparent conducting oxides (TCOs, are indium-doped tin (ITO),...

Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is a transition metal with wide range of applications such as displays, rear-view mirrors, electrochromic (EC) smart windows and gas sensors. Many techniques were adopted for the fabrication WO , namely magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis sol-gel synthesis techniques. In this work, films deposited on indium tin (ITO) coated glasses by spin-coating method. The film thickness was varied depositing different number layers. optical transmittance determined using step...

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is an n-type semiconductor with a wide range of transparent electronic applications such as smart windows, rear-view displays and gas sensors. In this work, WO3 films were prepared on tin doped indium (ITO) coated glasses by utilising the sol–gel spin-coating method. The effect precursor solution stirring time (3, 10 24 h) electrochromic (EC) properties was investigated. optical transmittance in visible decreased increased. subjected to 3 h had large modulation compared...

Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are a type of glass window that can change from transparent to darker colour shades when small voltage is applied. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) be utilised as an EC material for windows. Although the TiO2 sol-gel spin-coating method commonly used, effect number layers was not reported. Thus, this paper investigates layers. The increasing film demonstrated noticeable increase in thin films ‘anodic and cathodic diffusion coefficient, particularly with 11...

Purpose This paper aims to develop a low-cost hot-point which can facilitate the conductivity type of N-type and P-type zinc oxide (ZnO) films. In this study, diode was made out ZnO films, current-voltage (I-V) characteristic measurements were conducted. Design/methodology/approach A probe consists soldering iron station, digital multimeter pair probes. The setup is adopted identify particular, films have been deployed for first time. Findings Hot-point has successfully developed....

Abstract Electrochromism is the phenomena of reversible colour change in electrochromic (EC) materials due to a small applied voltage. Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) one most studied cathodic for its applications smart windows, displays and rear-view ymirrors. In this work, WO films were fabricated on indium tin (ITO) coated glass via sol-gel spin-coating method. The influence bias voltage EC properties was studied. optical characterised by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer...

<ns3:p><ns3:bold>Background</ns3:bold>: In the last decade, there has been much interest in area of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) to address issues leakage and evaporation electrochromic devices (ECD). ECD is a state-of-the-art technology having ability change from transparent state opaque under influence small applied voltage for energy saving applications.</ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Methods: </ns3:bold>In this work, tungsten oxide (WO<ns3:sub>3</ns3:sub>) films were fabricated via sol-gel...

The increase in global temperature has led to a significant surge energy consumption within the air conditioning industry, resulting environmental deterioration. Electrochromic (EC) windows have emerged as promising solution address these challenges. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) stands out among all metal oxide materials due its remarkable EC properties, including substantial Li+ ion insertion capacity and multicolor capabilities. Despite potential of V2O5, there remains lack comprehensive...

Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are highly efficient in preventing solar irradiation. Nevertheless, an insufficient automated monitoring and control system for EC has been observed. This study outlined the framework designing a that effectively regulated voltage polarity of window. Integrating Internet Things (IoT) capabilities environmental sensors enhanced window system. integration allowed adjustment light intensity (below above 30,000 lx), temperature 32 °C), UV index 3 7) The...

Background: In the last decade, there has been much interest in area of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) to address issues leakage and evaporation electrochromic devices (ECD). ECD is a state-of-the-art technology having ability change from transparent state opaque under influence small applied voltage for energy saving applications. Methods: this work, tungsten oxide (WO 3) films were fabricated via sol-gel spin-coating method. Subsequently, ECDs assembled based on SPE liquid (LPE),...

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a key material in the field of transparent large-area electronics. Some ZnO applications electronics include sensors, transistors and solar cells. In this work, films doped with aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga) titanium (Ti) different doping concentrations were deposited on glass substrates via radio frequency (R.F.) plasma magnetron sputtering technique. The correlations concentration structural, optical electrical properties investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy,...