Spike timing is thought to play a critical role in neural computation and communication. Methods for adjusting spike are therefore of great interest researchers clinicians alike. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) noninvasive technique that uses weak electric fields manipulate brain activity. Early results have suggested this can improve subjects' behavioral performance on wide range tasks ameliorate some clinical conditions. Nevertheless, considerable skepticism remains about its...

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) modulates brain activity by passing electrical through electrodes that are attached to the scalp. Because it is safe and noninvasive, tACS holds great promise as a tool for basic research clinical treatment. However, little known about how ultimately influences neural activity. One hypothesis affects responses directly, producing fields interact with brain's endogenous By controlling shape location of these electric fields, one could target...

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a popular method for modulating brain activity noninvasively. In particular, tACS often used as targeted intervention that enhances neural oscillation at specific frequency to affect particular behavior. However, these interventions yield highly variable results. Here, we provide potential explanation this variability: competes with the brain’s ongoing oscillations. Using recordings from alert nonhuman primates, find when firing...

Abstract Electrical stimulation can regulate brain activity, producing clear clinical benefits, but focal and effective neuromodulation often requires surgically implanted electrodes. Recent studies argue that temporal interference (TI) may provide similar outcomes non-invasively. During TI, scalp electrodes generate multiple electrical fields in the brain, modulating neural activity only at their intersection. Despite considerable enthusiasm for this approach, little empirical evidence...

After synthesis and transit through the nucleus, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are exported to cytoplasm nuclear pore complex (NPC). At NPC, ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) first encounter basket where mRNP rearrangements thought allow access transport channel. Here, we use single mRNA resolution live cell microscopy subdiffraction particle tracking follow individual mRNAs on their path toward cytoplasm. We show that when reaching periphery, not immediately but scan along likely find a allowing export....

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is one of the oldest and yet least understood forms brain stimulation. The idea that a weak stimulus, applied outside head, can meaningfully affect neural activity often regarded as mysterious. Here, we argue direct effects tES are not so mysterious: Extensive data from wide range model systems shows it has appreciable on individual neurons. Instead, real mysteries how interacts with brain’s own these dynamics be controlled to produce desirable...

During natural vision the entire retina is stimulated. Likewise, during tactile behaviors, spatially extensive regions of somatosensory surface are co-activated. The large spatial extent naturalistic stimulation means that surround suppression, a phenomenon whose neural mechanisms remain matter debate, must arise behavior. To identify common motifs might instantiate suppression across modalities, we review models and compare evidence supporting competing ideas has either cortical or...

Enhancers are intergenic DNA elements that regulate the transcription of target genes in response to signaling pathways by interacting with promoters over large genomic distances. Recent studies have revealed enhancers bi-directionally transcribed into enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). Using single-molecule fluorescence situ hybridization (smFISH), we investigated eRNA-mediated regulation during estrogen induction MCF-7 cells. We demonstrate eRNAs localized exclusively nucleus and induced similar...

Various theories in neuroscience maintain that brain oscillations have an important role neuronal computation, but opposing views claim these macroscale dynamics are “exhaust fumes” of more relevant processes. Here, we argue the question whether epiphenomenal is ill-defined and cannot be productively resolved without further refinement. Toward end, outline a conceptual framework clarifies dispute along two axes: first, introduce distinction between measurement process to categorize...

Interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex give rise to different regimes of activity modulate brain oscillations. A prominent regime is inhibition-stabilized network (ISN), defined by strong recurrent excitation balanced inhibition. While theoretical models have captured response circuits ISN state, their connectivity typically hard-wired, leaving unanswered how a may self-organize an state dynamically switch non-ISN states Here, we introduce mean-rate...

Advances in brain stimulation have made it possible to target smaller and regions for electromagnetic stimulation, the hopes of producing increasingly focal neural effects. However, is extensively interconnected, neurons comprising those connections may themselves be particularly susceptible neurostimulation. Here, we test this hypothesis using single-unit recordings from alert non-human primates receiving transcranial electrical stimulation. We find that putative long-range projections...

Cortical area V4 is thought to be critical for visual object recognition. It contains millimeter-scale domains in which neurons are highly selective stimulus features such as shape, motion, and color. In theory, many different stimuli can decoded from neural activity each of these domains, but whether the brain actually makes use this information unknown. Here we have tested hypothesis, using reversible inactivation non-human primates performing a shape discrimination task. We find that...

Orexin (Orx) neurons are known to be involved in the promotion and maintenance of waking because they discharge association with cortical activation muscle tone during because, their absence, cannot maintained narcolepsy cataplexy ensues. Whether Orx particular conditions, notably appetitive versus aversive stimuli or positive negative emotions, is debated considered important understanding role supporting behaviors. Here, we used technique juxtacellular recording labeling head-fixed rats...

Significance Our study examines an important aspect of adaptive immunity, namely, the process effector T-cell activation, which leads to enhanced expression lineage-specific cytokine genes upon receptor (TCR) re-engagement. We found that TNF locus undergoes TCR-induced homologous allelic pairing, correlates with biallelic and requires a molecular motor, myosin VI. Furthermore, we identified role for VI in mediating transition RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) from pausing productive elongation at...

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) can be optimized to achieve maximal current flow at desired brain regions. The aim of this study was characterize electric field magnitudes generated by tES optimization and compare them experimentally induced values as determined data from intracranial electrodes. Local potentials were recorded two monkeys with implanted multi-site Utah arrays during transcranial direct (tDCS), the neural effect predictions obtained electrode placement assessed....

In this paper we describe a novel approach for jointly modeling the text and visual components of multimedia documents purpose information retrieval(IR). We propose framework where individual are developed to model different relationships between queries then combined into joint retrieval framework. state-of-the-art systems, late combination two independent one analyzing just part such documents, other without leveraging any knowledge acquired in processing, is norm. Such systems rarely...

Abstract Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) modulates brain activity by passing electrical through electrodes that are attached to the scalp. Because it is safe and non-invasive, holds great promise as a tool for basic research clinical treatment. However, little known about how tACS ultimately influences neural activity. One hypothesis affects responses directly , producing fields interact with brain’s endogenous Since shape location of these electric can be controlled,...

<h3>Abstract</h3> The processing of visual motion is conducted by dedicated pathways in the primate brain. These originate with populations direction-selective neurons primary cortex, which projects to dorsal structures like middle temporal (MT) and medial superior (MST) areas. Anatomical imaging studies have suggested that area V3A might also be specialized for processing, but there been very few single-neuron direction selectivity this area. We therefore performed electrophysiological...