The rostral hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain participate in the generation of sleep, but neuronal circuitry involved this process remains poorly characterized. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify FOS protein, an immediate-early gene product, a group ventrolateral preoptic neurons that is specifically activated during sleep. retrograde tracer cholera toxin B, combination with immunocytochemistry, show sleep-activated innervate tuberomammillary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic...

Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) rats show c-fos activation after sleep and provide GABAergic innervation of major monoamine arousal systems, suggesting that they may be a necessary part brain circuitry produces sleep. We examined effects on behavior cell-specific damage to VLPO by microinjection ibotenic acid. Severe lesions central cell cluster (∼80–90% loss bilaterally) caused 60–70% decrease delta power 50–60% nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) time ( p < 0.001). The...

Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic neuropeptide present in the hypothalamus of all vertebrates. MCH implicated number behaviors but direct evidence lacking. To selectively stimulate neurons gene for light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, was inserted into wild-type mice. Three weeks later were stimulated 1 min every 5 24 h. A 10 Hz stimulation at start night hastened sleep onset, reduced length wake bouts by 50%, increased total time non-REM and REM night, intensity...

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker for brain, provides a massive projection to subparaventricular zone (SPZ), but role of SPZ in processes has received little attention. We examined effects on rhythms sleep, body temperature, and activity rats restricted ibotenic acid lesions ventral or dorsal that spared immediately adjacent paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) SCN. Ventral caused profound reduction measures index sleep (by 90%) locomotor (75% reduction) had less...

We found previously that damage to a cluster of sleep-active neurons (Fos-positive during sleep) in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) decreases non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep rats, whereas injury cells extending dorsally and medially from VLPO (the extended VLPO) diminishes REM sleep. These results led us examine whether are activated connectivity these with pontine sites implicated producing sleep: laterodorsal tegmental (LDT), dorsal raphe (DRN), locus ceruleus (LC). After...

It is currently hypothesized that the drive to sleep determined by activity of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons, which release adenosine (AD), perhaps because increased metabolic associated with neuronal discharge during waking, and accumulating AD begins inhibit these neurons so sleep-active can become active. This hypothesis grew from observation induces levels increase wake in forebrain, but surprisingly it still remains untested. Here we directly test whether are central...

The presence of large-amplitude, slow waves in the EEG is a primary characteristic that distinguishes cerebral activity during sleep from which occurs wakefulness. Although sleep-active neurons have been identified other brain areas, are specifically activated slow-wave not previously described cortex. We population cells cortex three mammalian species. These cortical subset GABAergic interneurons express neuronal NOS (nNOS). Because Fos expression these sleep-active, nNOS-immunoreactive...

The hypocretin (HCRT) neurons are located only in the perifornical area of lateral hypothalamus and heavily innervate cholinergic basal forebrain (BF), histamine tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), noradrenergic locus ceruleus (LC) neurons, three neuronal populations that have traditionally been implicated regulating arousal. Based on innervation, HCRT may regulate arousal by driving these downstream neurons. Here, we directly test this hypothesis a simultaneous triple lesion using...

Abstract A distributed network of neurons regulates wake, non‐rapid eye movement ( NREM ) sleep, and REM sleep. However, there are also glia in the brain, is growing evidence that astroglia communicate intimately to regulate behaviour. To identify effect optogenetic stimulation astrocytes on promoter for astrocyte‐specific cytoskeletal protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP was used direct expression channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) linked reporter gene, enhanced yellow fluorescent EYFP ),...

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy. Cataplexy an abrupt loss muscle tone, most often triggered sudden, strong emotions. A subset cells in the medial medulla narcoleptic dog discharged at high rates only cataplexy rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These were noncholinergic localized to ventromedial caudal portions nucleus magnocellularis. The localization discharge pattern these indicate that results from triggering waking neurons...

In mammals, sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. The component, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), regulates timing of sleep, whereas factors determine amount sleep. It believed that these two processes regulating are independent because unchanged after SCN lesions. However, such lesions necessarily damage neuronal connectivity, it preferable to investigate this question a genetic model overcomes confounding influence rhythmicity. Mice with disruption both...

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern discovery has advanced big era. Central this shift is development of artificial intelligence approaches implementing innovative modeling based on dynamic, ...Read More

Cataplexy, a sudden unexpected muscle paralysis, is debilitating symptom of the neurodegenerative sleep disorder, narcolepsy. During these attacks, person paralyzed, but fully conscious and aware their surroundings. To identify potential neurons that might serve as surrogate orexin to suppress such gene for (hypocretin), peptide lost in most human narcoleptics, was delivered into brains orexin-ataxin-3 transgenic mouse model Three weeks after recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV)-mediated...

Most brain neurons are active in waking, but hypothalamic that synthesize the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) claimed to be only during sleep, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here we use deep-brain imaging identify changes fluorescence of genetically encoded calcium (Ca²⁺) indicator GCaMP6 individual contain MCH. An <i>in vitro</i> electrophysiology study determined a strong relationship between depolarization and Ca²⁺ MCH neurons. In 10...

Sleep control depends on a delicate interplay among brain regions. This generates complex temporal architecture with numerous sleep-stage transitions and intermittent fluctuations to micro-states brief arousals. These dynamics exhibit hallmarks of criticality, suggesting that tuning criticality is essential for spontaneous arousal transitions. However, how the maintains remains not understood. Here, we investigate

The principal component of marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases sleep in humans. Endogenous cannabinoids, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), also increase sleep. However, the mechanism by which these molecules promote is not known but might involve a sleep-inducing molecule adenosine. Microdialysis samples were collected from basal forebrain order to detect levels adenosine before and after injection anandamide. Rats implanted for studies, cannula was placed...