Distributed event-triggered secondary control in microgrids has been widely investigated to improve system efficiency. But most of them are based on consecutive triggering condition monitors, which would turn increase the computation burden system. To this end, article presents distributed self-triggered algorithmic solutions frequency restoration and active power sharing islanded microgrids. Different from schemes, our solutions, each generator is equipped with a local algorithm that...

Demand response (DR) is a crucial component of power systems that can offer operating reserves by utilizing flexible loads on the demand side. With development communication, information, and control technologies, DR has formed cyber-physical system. While deep coupling improves performance DR, it also introduces cyber-security threats, i.e., deception cyber-attacks (DCAs), which lead to out-of-control thus threaten system's safe operation. To this end, paper proposes secure distributed...

The frequency regulation service (FRS) is playing an increasingly important role in maintaining the power balance between generation and consumption. Moreover, recent progress information communication technologies has enabled residential customers to participate FRS through direct control over appliances, such as inverter air conditioners (ACs), whose market share growing rapidly made up a large fraction of electricity Inverter ACs can change compressor's speed continuously adjust operating...

Rapidly increasing distributed energy resources (DERs) bring more fluctuating output power to the distribution network and put forward a higher requirement on local regulation for maintaining network's balance. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) loads account than 40% of consumption in modern cities have huge potential as flexible loads. However, HVACs equipped with inverter devices rarely been studied providing services electricity market (LEM), even though they exceeded regular...

This paper proposes an optimal energy flow technique for the integrated electricity and gas systems (IEGS) with injections of alternative gases. Firstly, we develop a novel model IEGS gases, where physical characteristics (e.g., specific gravity) mixtures are modeled as variables to reflect impacts more accurately. Security indices introduced restrain composition variation. Then, convex optimization techniques tailored transfer original highly nonlinear nonconvex problem into tractable form....

To maintain the power system balance, flexible load resources have been widely employed to provide operating reserves, which is named demand response (DR). The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads cover a high percentage of total consumption significant regulation potential that deserves further investigation. dispatch such dispersed HVACs, distributed control techniques are developed in DR field due their flexibility scalability. However, vulnerable cyber-attacks, i.e.,...

Microgrid provides a promising solution to consume more distributed renewable energies. To coordinate the increasingly developed generators in high flexibility and efficiency way, event-triggered mechanisms have been widely investigated literature reduce communication requirement hence improve control performance of microgrids. However, most mandate continuous calculation complicated triggering conditions, which may turn impose computation burden controller increase additional energy cost....

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are well proved to be capable provide operating reserve for power systems. As a type of large-capacity energy-efficient HVAC system (up 100 MW), district cooling (DCS) is emerging in modern cities has huge potential regulated as flexible load. However, strategically controlling DCS flexibility challenging, because one services multiple buildings with complex thermal dynamics uncertain demands. Improper control may lead significant...

The interdependency among the electricity, gas, heat, and cooling energy systems is ever-increasing. flexible utilization patterns on demand side gas flow dynamics in transmission system bring both opportunities challenges to reliable operation of integrated (IES). For example, if electricity supply interrupted, can ramp up gas-fired units using linepacks. By this means, reliability at moment be improved, while system's capability withstanding future risks may undermined. Therefore,...

Air conditioners (ACs) are widely considered as good candidates to provide operating reserve. Demand response rebound, i.e., the rebound peak of aggregate power, may exist when ACs controlled by changing set point temperature. The during recovery period, named lag cause significantly higher demand than that prior reserve deployment event. lead is rarely in previous researches but will constrain duration time a short period (e.g., 10 min), which greatly limits utilization ACs. This paper...

Thermostatically controlled load (TCL, such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system) is a desirable demand-side flexibility source in distribution networks. It can participate regulation services mitigate power imbalances from fluctuating distributed renewable generation. To effectively utilize the spatially temporally TCLs network, it necessary to consider flow constraints avoid possible voltage or current violations. Published works usually adopt optimal models (OPF) describe...

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are regarded as one of the promising resources for suppressing power fluctuations due to renewable energy (RENs). However, great burdens fully considering each users' characteristics, it is difficult achieve unity individual optimal decisions and global optimum in demand-side management (DSM). This paper proposes a game-theoretic DSM that can optimize consumption schedule by TCL user's optimization. By integrating prediction REN outputs into pricing...

With the coordination of multiple energies at city level, complexity urban energy system is ever-increasing. Securing reliable operation multi-energy (UMES) has become a challenging task. This article focuses on operational reliability evaluation UMES considering incorporation equivalent storages. First, novel concept dynamic hub proposed, as unified tool to characterize relationships operating conditions diverse components in UMES. Then, temperature-controlled load (TCL) modeled storage...

The concern for privacy and scalability has motivated a paradigm shift to decentralized energy management methods in microgrids. absence of central authority brings significant challenges promote trusted collaboration avoid collusion. To address these issues, this paper proposes blockchain-empowered microgrid framework, which adopts novel consensus-based algorithm with collusion prevention mechanism. Aiming at social welfare maximization, the problem is formulated into convex decomposable...

Abstract The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) brings more power generation fluctuations into systems, which puts forward higher requirement on the regulation capacities for maintaining balance between supply and demand. In addition to traditional generators providing capacities, progressed information communication technologies enable an alternative method by controlling flexible loads, especially thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) services. This paper...