OpenStreetMap, a crowdsourced geographic database, provides the only global-level, openly licensed source of geospatial road data, and national-level in many countries. However, researchers, policy makers, citizens who want to make use OpenStreetMap (OSM) have little information about whether it can be relied upon particular setting. In this paper, we two complementary, independent methods assess completeness OSM data each country world. First, undertake visual assessment against satellite...

Abstract Projections of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries typically show continued growth in vehicle ownership, overall travel demand. This represents a continuation trends from the 1970s through early 2000s. paper presents descriptive analysis cross‐national passenger transport eight countries, providing evidence to suggest that these may have halted. Through decomposing into activity, modal structure intensity, we increases total activity (passenger...

Autonomous vehicles, popularly known as self-driving cars, have the potential to transform travel behavior. However, existing analyses ignored strategic interactions with other road users. In this article, I use game theory analyze between pedestrians and autonomous a focus on yielding at crosswalks. Because vehicles will be risk-averse, model suggests that able behave impunity, may facilitate shift toward pedestrian-oriented urban neighborhoods. At same time, vehicle adoption hampered by...

Significance Urban development patterns in the 20th century have been increasingly typified by urban sprawl, which exacerbates climate change, energy and material consumption, public health challenges. We construct first long-run, high-resolution time series of street-network sprawl United States. find that even absence a coordinated policy effort, new developments already turned corner toward less sprawl. Initial impacts on vehicle travel greenhouse gas emissions will be modest given stock...

Carsharing offers access to cars and other vehicles without ownership of those vehicles. This transportation option is growing rapidly in the United States Canada. In appropriate community settings, carsharing can increase mobility, reduce vehicle travel, complement modes. a TCRP project that provided wide-ranging analysis North America, direct contacts with members through focus groups web-based survey were used determine demographic characteristics users, their travel patterns, attitudes...

A tool to assess the market potential for new carsharing operations in urban communities is examined and applied. The research based on analysis conducted TCRP Report 108: Carsharing: Where How It Succeeds. Geographic segments areas are analyzed. geographic information system (GIS)–based of 13 U.S. regions finds that neighborhood transportation characteristics more important indicators success than individual demographics members. Results indicate low vehicle ownership has strongest, most...

Carsharing offers access to cars and other vehicles without ownership of those vehicles. This transportation option is growing rapidly in the United States Canada. In appropriate community settings, carsharing can increase mobility, reduce vehicle travel, complement modes. a TCRP project that provided wide-ranging analysis North America, direct contacts with members through focus groups web-based survey were used determine demographic characteristics users, their travel patterns, attitudes...

This paper identifies for transportation planners five key implications of extending cap-and-trade greenhouse gas emissions to the sector, as envisaged in legislative and regulatory proposals U.S. Congress western states Canadian provinces. First, would increase gasoline prices refiners fuel importers pass on cost carbon allowances; a $30 per metric ton price allowances equates 27 cents gallon gasoline. Second, transit, smart growth, other emission reduction projects might be eligible...

We present a global time series of street-network sprawl-that is, sprawl as measured through the local connectivity street network. Using high-resolution data from OpenStreetMap and satellite-derived urbanization, we compute validate changes over in multidimensional measures based on graph-theoretic geographic concepts. report global, national, city-level trends since 1975 disconnectedness index (SNDi), every mapped node edge world. Streets new developments 90% 134 most populous countries...

A better understanding of urban form metrics and their environmental outcomes can help policymakers determine which policies will lead to more sustainable growth. In this study, we have examined five metrics–weighted density, density gradient slope, intercept, compactness, street connectivity–for 462 metropolitan areas worldwide. We compared correlations with each other across geographic regions socioeconomic characteristics such as income. Using the K-Means clustering algorithm, then...

If planning is to matter for urban development and policy, it not sufficient plans be implemented. Plans must also have a causal role—they lead outcomes that would realized otherwise. In case studies of municipal climate action in California, I find little evidence any impacts. Instead, cities are using codify policies were likely happen anyway. The results call more nuanced view when makes sense plan, what types most useful, how evaluate plan’s effects.

Systems of street networks form a backbone for many aspects human life and, once laid down, urban streets represent nearly immutable influence on future and concomitant travel, energy, social outcomes. Moreover, as humanity is currently passing through its peak urbanization rate, decisions about how to design such at the local scale are being made faster than ever before. In this work, we quantify connectivity provide global, high-resolution time series our Street Network Disconnectedness...

The Trip Generation Manual is the standard reference for assessing impacts of new development on traffic congestion and environment in United States. However, a comparison to household surveys suggests that overestimates trips by 55 percent—likely because its data represent biased sample U.S. Moreover, are ill suited many analyses impacts, impact fees, greenhouse gas emissions they do not account substitution effects. Most "generated" developments new, but instead involve households...

Disconnected urban street networks, which we call "street-network sprawl," are strongly associated with increased vehicle travel, energy use and CO2 emissions, as shown by previous research in Europe North America. In this paper, provide the first systematic globally commensurable measures of street-network sprawl based on graph-theoretic geographic concepts. Using data all 46 million km mapped streets worldwide, compute these for entire Earth at highest possible resolution. We generate a...

Problem, research strategy, and findings The width of street rights-of-way is normally determined by traffic engineering urban design conventions, without considering the immense value underlying land. In this article, I develop an economic framework that can inform decisions on width, use tax parcel data to quantify widths, land areas, streets in 20 largest counties United States. Residential urbanized portion these average 55 ft wide, far greater than functional minimum 16 required for...

This paper examines equity’s incorporation into Climate Action Plans (CAPs), an increasingly important part of the urban sustainability planning landscape. We conduct a content analysis 170 California CAPs and compare plans’ treatment equity to city characteristics such as size income inequality. find that language correlates with increased presence more systemic policy interventions, dense and/or affordable housing, in CAPs. However, majority “miss housing for trees,” green agendas, trees...

Some argue that peak conventional oil production is imminent due to physical resource scarcity. We examine the alternative possibility of reduced use improved efficiency and substitution. Our model uses historical relationships project future demand for (a) transport services, (b) all liquid fuels, (c) substitution with energy carriers, including electricity. Results show great increases in passenger freight activity, but less reliance on oil. Demand liquids inputs refineries declines...