Abstract Daily observations from 1971 to 2010 reveal that every El Niño during this period was accompanied by congregated westerly wind bursts, suggesting a close relationship of these bursts with both “cold tongue” and “warm pool” events. With the addition burst‐like multiplicative noise an intermediate ocean‐atmosphere coupled model, it is shown generating eastward equatorial surface currents downwelling Kelvin waves, could be responsible for existence warm pool irregularity extremes cold...

Abstract A composite time series of the merged satellite altimeters sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data and satellite‐observed temperature (SST) were used to identify eddies in Western North Pacific Ocean (WNPO), where there numbers intense typhoons. This study systematically investigated 15 super typhoons during period 2000‐2008 WNPO their impacts on pre‐typhoon ocean features, e.g., cyclonic eddy (COE) feature (closed contours SSHA < −6 cm) neutral condition (SSHA between 6 cm). Two...

Abstract The responses of the cyclonic eddies (CEs) and anticyclonic (AEs) to typhoon forcing in Western North Pacific Ocean (WNPO) are analyzed using Argo profiles. Both CEs AEs have primary cooling at surface (0–10 m depth) deep upwelling from top thermocline (200 down deeper ocean shortly after forcing. Due upwelling, part warm fresh water move out eddy, which leads a colder saltier subsurface passage typhoon. In contrast, inflow heats freshens compensate induced by This explains why...

Much is known about cerebral vasospasm, a devastating sequela to ruptured intracranial aneurysms, yet underlying mechanisms remain unclear and clinical treatments have proven unsatisfactory. We hypothesised that biochemical stimuli associated with the formation of extravascular blood clots dominate early maladaptive responses, leading marked structural functional changes in affected arteries. Before precise picture vasospasm can be obtained, however, we must understand better structure...

Abstract Using 15 years (1998–2012) of satellite‐measured precipitation data and tropical cyclone (TC) information, this study estimates the diurnal variations TC in its inner core outer rainbands. It is found that for both weak (tropical storms to category 1 TCs) strong (categories 2–5 over all six basins, reaches daily maximum morning, but mean rain rate are larger than With increasing radial distance from center, amplitude decreases, peak time appears progressively later. The outward...

Abstract In this study, we developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict the rapid intensification (RI) of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) using 6‐hourly Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) predictors and additional data on very deep convective clouds with an infrared brightness temperature below 208 K. The presence these is considered precursor TC RI. ML model, which incorporates SHIPS hourly cloud coverage, outperformed coverage for TCs in basin from 2018...

The climatological diurnal cycle of precipitation in the tropics is analyzed using data from rain gauges on ocean buoys and satellite measurements by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. buoy are NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Atmosphere‐Ocean/Triangle Trans‐Ocean Network tropical Pacific Ocean. TRMM radar (PR) microwave imager (TMI). Climatological hourly mean rates terms semidiurnal harmonics. Both sets confirm an early morning peak over regions. amplitude...

Diurnal variations of the areas and temperatures in tropical cyclone convective cloud systems western North Pacific were estimated using pixel‐resolution infrared (IR) brightness temperature (BT) best‐track data for 2000–2013. The mean areal extent very cold cover (IR BTs < 208 K) reached a maximum early morning (0000–0300 local solar time (LST)), then decreased after sunrise. This was followed by increasing between 240 K, reaching its afternoon (1500–1800 LST). at which sensitive to...

Abstract Rainbands are essential to tropical cyclones (TCs), significantly affecting TC structure and intensity change. High‐resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery can capture the footprints of rainbands caused by rain‐induced sea surface roughness modification. Using 464 SAR images, we investigated rainband‐occurrence probability TCs under different hemispheres, local times (LTs), intensities, ocean basins. Results show that is highest in downshear‐left quadrant for Northern...

Abstract Climate models indicate that a warmer environment will increase low‐level moisture, potentially intensify extreme precipitation. However, its impact on different rainfall types remains unclear. Using satellite data, we examined changes in light (0‐95th percentile, ≤5.28 mm hr −1 ) and heavy (95‐100th >5.28 precipitation the tropics from 1998 to 2019. Our findings show −9 ± 2% (23 2%) change (light) rain intensity 13 (−24 1%) frequency. These link sea surface temperatures,...

Abstract During the intensification of a tropical cyclone (TC), radius maximum tangential wind (RMW) often contracts due to spin‐up being much faster inside RMW than at itself. However, rapid contractions prior (RI) TCs are observed. Statistical analysis best‐track data for North Atlantic between 2000 and 2017 indicates that contraction (≥20 nmi within 24 h) does not necessarily cause RI (≥30 kt TC. An efficient TC is generally seen if ≤30 nmi. The change (contraction or expansion) prevalent...

Abstract Infrared brightness temperature and tropical cyclone (TC) data from 2000 to 2018 were used investigate the relationships between radius of maximum wind (RMW), gale‐force winds (34 kt or 17 m/s; R34), intensity for intensifying expanding North Atlantic TCs. Different R34 found different RMWs. Very deep convective clouds with infrared temperatures ≤208 K are mainly observed on outer edge RMW when it is stable. In such a case, TC intensifies expands rapidly very occur in both inner...

Increasing evidence suggests that mesoscale eddies have a strong influence on the distribution and behavior of zooplankton micronekton. However, mechanisms driving their responses to are not yet fully understood, largely due low resolution previous observations. Underwater gliders equipped with acoustic equipment environmental sensors provide an ideal means obtain observations high temporal spatial resolutions. In this study, two underwater were used record parameters intensities across...

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa with increasing prevalence and limited management. Ruxolitinib a new anti- JAK/STAT3 biologic agent that has shown potential in protecting against colitis. Methods We first constructed vivo UC model vitro epithelial cell inflammation model. was administered via gavage mice. After treatment, colon tissues, cells, lysates were collected prepared for histological evaluation,...

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) significantly affect both fishery resources and marine ecosystems. The characteristics causal mechanisms of MHWs occurring southern SCS (SSCS) are not yet fully understood. In this study, properties MHWs, their long‐term trends, how these compare to those coastal shelf region northern were explored. It was revealed that coral reef regions SSCS exhibit more frequent but less intense MHWs. Over past four decades, average frequency,...

This study takes advantage of the newly established observational network Argo floats to investigate variability oceanic surface mixed layer (ML) in response typhoons occurring over period 2000–08 western North Pacific Ocean. After removing background due seasonal cycle, regionally averaged ML is statistically analyzed as a function distance from typhoon centre, time after passage, geographic location, translation speed and pre-existing patterns circulation. Based on an unprecedented amount...

Abstract A linear Markov model has been developed to predict the short-term climate variability of East Asian monsoon system, with emphasis on precipitation variability. Precipitation, sea level pressure, zonal and meridional winds at 850 mb, along surface temperature soil moisture, were chosen define state multivariate empirical orthogonal functions these variables used construct statistical model. The forecast skill was evaluated in a cross-validated fashion series sensitivity experiments...

Abstract In this paper, satellite‐based precipitation, clouds with infrared (IR) brightness temperature (BT), and tropical cyclone (TC) data from 2000 to 2015 are used explore the relationship between convective cloud, TC intensity change in Western North Pacific Ocean. An IR BT of 208 K was chosen as a threshold for deep convection based on different diurnal cycles BT. More precipitation colder < 240 found storms intensify, while 24 h future is closely connected very K. Intensifying TCs...

Abstract Rapid intensification (RI; ≥30 knots within 24 h) is an essential characteristic of a CAT 4–5 hurricane (≥115 knots). Between 1980 and 2018, interannual variability in hurricanes was strongly correlated with RI, both globally individual basins. The annual number tropical cyclone RI events useful measure global intense hurricanes. Here, singular value decomposition analysis applied to sea surface temperature the throughout world as calculated from best track data. first two modes...

Abstract Diurnal variations in contraction of the radius maximum tangential wind (RMW) tropical cyclones (TCs) were assessed using best‐track data for 2001–2018. For RMW contractions before TC intensification, largest rate 6 hr at 0300–0900 local solar time (LST) was associated with coverage very deep convective clouds infrared brightness temperatures <208 K 0300–0600 LST, which found mostly outside mean RMW. The and intensification occurred simultaneously LST rapidly intensifying storms...

Eight years of microwave data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite are used to study interannual variations tropical instability waves (TIWs) in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. SST signatures TIWs Ocean strongest during cold phase ENSO, when tongue is most pronounced. The weak warm ENSO. A low‐frequency air‐sea coupled equatorial mode affects TIW activity a similar fashion. Interannual sea‐surface temperatures due can produce atmospheric mesoscale response.

Abstract Three satellite-derived precipitation datasets [the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) dataset, the NOAA Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) and newly available Integrated Retrievals for Global Measurement (IMERG) dataset] are compared with data obtained from 55 rain gauges mounted on floating buoys in tropics period 1 April 2014–30 2017. All three satellite underestimate low rainfall overestimate high tropical Pacific...