Internet of Things (IoT) is based on data collection, where billions sensors sample the real world; in other words, IoT includes a giant distributed measurement system (DMS). A question still requiring an answer is: Are technologies usable to enhance traditional systems, since they have been developed for very similar objective? In this paper, use long-range (LoRa) technology, originally IoT, investigated with aim implementing DMSs. After conclusion that LoRa and wide area network...

The new concept of Industry 4.0 has been developed: it includes both Internet Things (IoT) structure and the local networks that are still needed to carry out real-time tasks. However, forecasts mass application consumer IoT system have stimulated development wireless technologies may also be interesting for industry. In this paper, LoRa technology is investigated implementation industrial suitable sensors actuators era. After a brief overview LoRaWAN, paper deals with discussion about using...

The rising concerns about global warming and environmental pollution are increasingly pushing towards the replacement of road vehicles powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). Electric Vehicles (EVs) generally considered best candidates for this transition, however, existing power grids EV management systems not yet ready a large penetration EVs, current opinion scientific community is that further research must be done in field. so-called Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept plays relevant...

This paper investigates the ultimate limits of White Rabbit (WR), an high-accuracy time distribution system based on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The knowledge such is essential for new emerging applications that are evaluating WR. In this paper, we identify and study key elements in WR synchronization: digital dual mixer difference phase detector Gigabit Ethernet transceiver. benchmarks experimental analysis these allow us to determine switch (WRS) performance evaluate their...

The availability of low-power wide area networks solutions opens new scenario in many application sectors. Among these technologies, long-range network (LoRaWAN) was originally designed for consumer internet-of-things systems, but now it is investigated distributed measurement systems applied to more demanding applications, including industry. In order fulfill real-time requirements, the LoRaWAN end devices (EDs) are frequently requested share a common timebase (i.e., be synchronized). This...

White Rabbit (WR) extends the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to provide synchronisation with sub-nanosecond accuracy and sub-50 picoseconds precision. The protocol aspects of WR extension are currently studied integrated into upcoming revision PTP. In context this PTP revision, mechanisms added allow control Layer 1 (L1) syntonisation by protocol. This article focuses on frequency transfer characteristics L1 in WR. We first explain interaction between a device describe architecture its...

This article provides a non-exhaustive overview of applications and enhancements to the White Rabbit (WR) extension IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP). Initially developed serve accelerators at European Or-ganization for Nuclear Research (CERN), WR has become widely-used synchronization solution in scientific installations. classifies into five types, briefly explains each describes example its The then summarizes that have been triggered by different outlines WR's integration PTP...

Internet of Things (loT) aims at collecting data from billions devices connected altogether. Despite there is no one technology able to cope with all possible scenarios, LPWAN solutions are emerging as viable technologies for implementing private, low-cost cellular like wireless networks. Distributed systems could leverage this approach a driving services smart environment sensing, pervasive sensing and so on. In the considered scenario, capacity network main importance; even if...

This paper deals with the characterization of IEEE 802.15.4 using chirp spread spectrum (CSS) physical layer. A new test bench, which has full bandwidth capability and extreme flexibility because field programmable gate array-based probes, is used for managing reproducible measurement results. Several scenarios algorithms have been considered estimation CSS performance in real indoor environments. The absolute timestamping errors evaluated distributed synchronization feature (synchronous...

The expected diffusion of EVehicles (EVs) to limit the impact fossil fuel on mobility is going cause severe issues management electric grid. A large number charging stations be installed power grid support EVs. Each station could require more than 100 kW from consumption unpredictable and it depends need EVs in neighborhood. EV can limited by proper exploitation Vehicle Grid communication (V2G). advent Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) promoted Internet Of Things applications offers new...

Network time distribution relies on timestamping, which is employed by local nodes to assign a value incoming timing packets. Clearly, any error affecting the timestamp has direct impact final synchronization accuracy of system. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), impairments physical layer are primary cause such timestamping errors, and it would be advantageous flag suspect values before feeding them into algorithm. This paper discusses new strategy for validating timestamps in WSN based...

Distributed measurement and control systems often rely on time synchronization protocols over Ethernet. Recently, it has been shown that estimating compensating for not only offsets, but also frequency skews is of crucial importance to meet the accuracy requirements high-end applications. In this respect, paper presents a new technique capable of: 1) measuring jitter multiple reference signals received by single node different network paths 2) combining them in order synthesize downstream...

In the last years, introduction of distributed energy resources increases complexity distribution grid management system, which requires performing communication infrastructures. Moreover, an optimal power a direct data exchange with home and industrial automation systems. A well known technology, Power Line Communication (PLC), seems to be able satisfy large parts these demands. Nevertheless, several PLC solutions have been proposed over each them satisfying requirements specific...

In this work, a detailed analysis of low-cost wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring and testing is provided. Differently from other works available in literature, main goals simultaneously pursued the design are scalable sampling rate, time synchronization measurements limited amount computational memory resources. order to minimize power consumption, still offering real-time behavior, star topology has been considered. The center also behaves as gateway towards most...

The paper deals with a new test bench for the assessment of time-related performance wireless systems implementing IEEE 802.15.4 Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) physical layer. has been designed in order to clearly evaluate timestamping capabilities an FPGA-based implementation CSS. key features are full bandwidth capability and extreme flexibility thanks FPGA hardware which is completely programmable. Synchronous Ethernet embedded nodes guarantees easy synchronization device clocks through...

The Smart Cities concept implies the integration of vertical application pillars, such as mobility, smart grid and public illumination, more, for an optimal management resources a reduction energy footprint large cities. This approach requires use existing heterogeneous communication infrastructures to allow peer interconnection services exposed by sensors actuators distributed throughout city. Among most promising approaches, it should be mentioned Software Defined Networking (SDN) one,...

Large experiments for studying high energy physics phenomena are requiring accurate time synchronization. The wide area occupied by such kind of facilities challenges the achievable accuracy using traditional distribution systems. At CERN, White Rabbit (WR) project extended Precision Time Protocol (PTP) in order to provide sub-nanosecond with standard deviation less than 50 ps. As a matter fact, WR systems relies also on frequency syntonization L1 frontend limit local clock synchronization...

Large industrial automation networks based on Real-Time Ethernet protocols may need efficient multicast management and filtering in order to control traffic load guarantee the desired quality of service. Very often network are required be highly available, implying use redundancy protocols, thus, dynamic (layer 2) reconfiguration effective. This paper evaluates application standard IEEE Multiple MAC registration Protocol (MMRP) scenarios. Two main fields considered: large (and slow) process...

The rise of Smart Grids based on IEC61850 standard requires specialized measurement systems in order to characterize the main performance parameters. In this paper, a new distributed system for estimation Transfer Time over Grid communication infrastructure is introduced. structure possible implementation, sampling devices coordinated by virtual instrument, described details. synchronization uncertainty below 30ns, (thanks use IEE1588 Precision Protocol), while extended 100ns. A test case...

This paper deals with time synchronization of devices attached to a smart grid, whose accuracy tightly depends on the accurate estimation Time Arrival (ToA) related messages sent over power line communication systems. Usually grids are quite complex "systems heterogeneous systems": aim this is suggest ToA detection mechanism that can use forward "last mile" link and inside end user home. In particular in paper, chirp-based preamble, borrowed from wireless communications (which suffer...

In a wireless network, synchronization accuracy can be significantly affected by impairments affecting the physical layer. It is well known that path delay asymmetry adversely affects timing protocols based on two-way message exchanges but, unfortunately, bounds to link are hard ensure when messages exchanged through links. would then desirable able flag corresponding timestamps as unreliable. This paper discusses application of timestamp validation approach in nodes network employing...