Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are involved in protecting higher plants from damage caused by environmental stresses. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important cereal crop for food and feed semi-arid areas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tolerance to these conditions not well defined. Here, we characterized a novel atypical LEA gene named SiLEA14 foxtail millet. It contains two exons separated one intron. was expressed roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences...

The DREB (dehydration-responsive element binding)-type transcription factors regulate the expression of stress-inducible genes by binding DRE/CRT cis-elements in promoter regions. upstream that have not been clearly defined, although function abiotic stress is known. In this study, an abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive DREB-binding protein gene (SiARDP) was cloned from foxtail millet (Setaria italica). transcript level SiARDP increased only after drought, high salt, and low temperature stresses,...

Low temperature is a major environmental stress for plants. Many important cultivated crops have limited capacity to survive below freezing/subfreezing temperatures. inorganic phosphate (Pi) reportedly in triggering cold acclimatization. SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1: SYG1, suppressor of yeast gpal; Pho81, CDK inhibitor PHO pathway; XPR1, xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor) domain proteins been shown be involved the phosphate-related signal transduction regulation pathways. Recently,...

Significance Cereal endosperm is a key source of dietary calories and raw materials for countless manufactured goods. Understanding how the cell cycle regulated during development could lead to increased crop yield. We show that maize Retinoblastoma -related gene, RBR1 , plays central role in regulating gene expression, endoreduplication, number, size, death cells. genetically coupled Cyclin Dependent Kinase A;1 controlling endoreduplication but not expression. Seeds down-regulated develop...

Drought and other types of abiotic stresses negatively affect plant growth crop yields. The abscisic acid-, stress-, ripening-induced (ASR) proteins play important roles in the protection plants against stress. However, regulatory pathway gene encoding this protein remains to be elucidated. In study, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ASR gene, SiASR4, was cloned characterized. SiASR4 localized cell nucleus, cytoplasm cytomembrane, contained 102 amino acids, including an ABA/WDS (abscisic...

Over the past two decades, Zea mays (maize) has been established as a model system for study of indirect plant defense against herbivores. When attacked by lepidopteran larvae, maize leaves emit complex blend volatiles, mainly composed sesquiterpenes, to attract natural enemies This is associated with swift transcriptional induction terpene synthases such TPS10; however, molecular components controlling reprogramming in this process are still obscure. Here, exploiting finding that TPS10...

Abstract In flowering plants, pollen formation depends on the differentiation and interaction of two cell types in anther: reproductive cells, called microsporocytes, somatic cells that form tapetum. Previously, we cloned a specific gene, zm401 , from cDNA library generated mature Zea mays . Expression partial maize ectopic expression tobacco suggested it may play role anther development. Here present functional characterization this gene maize. Zm401 is expressed primarily anthers (tapetal...

Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 20-22 nt non-coding RNAs that play key roles in many biological processes both animals and plants. Although a number of miRNAs were identified maize, the function miRNA seed development was merely discussed. Results In this study, two small RNA libraries sequenced, total reads 9,705,761 9,005,563 generated from developing seeds growing leaves, respectively. Further analysis 125 known 127 leaves. 54 novel they not reported other...

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a class of cysteine-rich soluble having small molecular weights. LTPs participate in flower and seed development, cuticular wax deposition, also play important roles pathogen abiotic stress responses. A nonspecific LTP gene (SiLTP) was isolated from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library enriched for differentially expressed genes after treatments. semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis showed that...

Remorin proteins (REMs) form a plant-specific protein family, with some REMs being responsive to abiotic stress. However, the precise functions of in stress tolerance are not clear. In this study, we identified 11 remorin genes from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and cloned gene, SiREM6, for further investigation. The transcript level SiREM6 was increased by high salt stress, low temperature abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, but drought potential oligomerization examined negative staining...

The DREB (dehydration-responsive element binding)-type transcription factors are classified into six subgroups, named A-1 to A-6. members of and A-2 subgroups have been reported be involved in response various abiotic stresses. However, there were only a few genes belonging A-3 A-6 reported. In this study, we cloned A-4 subgroup gene from maize (Zea mays), ZmDREB4.1, analyzed its characteristics functions. ZmDREB4.1 was expressed roots, stems, leaves at very low levels. It not induced by any...

Drought stress is a serious factor affecting crop growth and production worldwide. The circadian clock has been identified as key to improving regional adaptability of plants. However, our understanding the contribution drought response impacts on in plants still limited. To explore interactions between stress, foxtail millet seedlings were treated with simulated (20% polyethylene glycol-6000) treatment starting at day (DD) onset zeitgeber time 0 (ZT0, lights on) night (DN) 16 (ZT16, off). A...

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), a vital drought-resistant crop, plays significant role in ensuring food and nutritional security. However, its drought resistance mechanism is not fully understood. N

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding, endogenous RNAs that play key roles in many biological processes both animals and plants. Although miRNAs have been identified large number organisms, the foxtail millet (Setaria italica) have, until now, poorly understood.In this study, two replicate small RNA libraries from shoots were sequenced, 40 million reads representing over 10 unique sequences generated. We 43 known miRNAs, 172 novel 2 mirtron precursor candidates millet. Some...

In previous reports, we developed an Agrobacterium -mediated transformation system for foxtail millet. Here, report optimization of the through improvement regeneration efficiency and conditions gene delivery. Immature inflorescences explants millet cv. Jigu 11 varying in length (0.5 to 1.0, 1.1 1.5, 1.6 2.0 >2.0 cm) were cultured on modified MS medium callus induction regeneration. The highest embryogenic callus-formation (90.72%) was achieved with 0.5 1.0 cm long 25 days old calli induced...

Double fertilization of flowering plants depends on the targeted transportation sperm to embryo sac by pollen tube. Currently, little is known about underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate germination and tube growth in maize (Zea mays). Here, a pollen-predominant gene Zm908, with several putative short open reading frames (sORFs), was isolated characterized. The longest ORF Zm908 encodes small protein 97 amino acids. This designated as Zm908p11 distributed throughout Western blot...

The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) belongs to a protein subfamily containing tryptophan-aspartic acid-domain (WD) repeat structure. Compelling evidence indicates that RACK1 can interact with many signal molecules and affect different transduction pathways. In this study, we cloned maize gene (ZmRACK1) by RT-PCR. amino acid sequence of ZmRACK1 had seven WD repeats in which there were typical GH (glycine-histidine) dipeptides. Comparison OsRACK1 from rice revealed 89% identity at...

Abstract Competition for light from neighboring vegetation can trigger the shade-avoidance response (SAR) in plants, which is detrimental to their yield. The molecular mechanisms regulating SAR are well established Arabidopsis, and some regulators of skotomorphogenesis have been found be involved regulation plant architecture. However, role WRKY transcription factors this process has rarely reported, especially maize (Zea mays). Here, we report that Zmwrky28 mutants exhibit shorter...

Rice SPX domain gene, OsSPX1, plays an important role in the phosphate (Pi) signaling network. Our previous work showed that constitutive overexpression of OsSPX1 tobacco and Arabidopsis plants improved cold tolerance while also decreasing total leaf Pi. In present study, we generated rice antisense sense transgenic lines found down-regulation caused high sensitivity to oxidative stresses seedlings. Compared wild-type OsSPX1-sense lines, more hydrogen peroxide accumulated seedling leaves...