This work describes the synthesis of temperature-responsive polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-polystyrene triblock copolymers, i.e., PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PS, their self-assembly and phase behavior in bulk, demonstration aqueous thermoresponsive membranes. A series PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PS copolymers were synthesized using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The hydrophobic PS end blocks selected to form minority component, whereas PNIPAM midblock...

The production of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) has emerged as a way to overcome the highly variable and complex molecular structure lignin. It can offer morphological control polymer, allowing formation stable LNP dispersions in aqueous media, while increasing potential for high-value applications. However, polydispersity morphology LNPs varies depending on grade preparation method, systematic comparison using different technical lignins is lacking. In this study, it was attempted find green...

As has been shown by previous research, students may possess various misconceptions in the area of thermal physics. In order to help them overcome observed prior instruction, we implemented a one-hour lecture-based intervention their introductory physics course. The was held after conventional lectures and homework sessions, it consisted three phases: individual working, hinting, peer discussion. To probe students' conceptual understanding before, during, intervention, use made diagnostic...

Abstract Functionalization of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) with targeting peptides is interest for drug delivery applications to enhance tumor accumulation and penetration. Herein, we evaluated the feasibility two different methods attachment a tumor-penetrating peptide LinTT1 (AKRGARSTA) poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG) NPs: (1) “post-conjugation” onto pre-formed nanoparticles, (2) “pre-conjugation”, synthesis purification peptide-polymer conjugates subsequent...

This study explores undergraduate students' understanding and reasoning models of electric magnetic fields. The results indicate that the tested students had various alternative concepts in applying their to certain CSEM test questions. total number physics at beginning first course on electromagnetism was 144, overall percentage correct answers being 31%. Based results, five were interviewed by using questions order reach a deeper underlying answers.

In this article we present a new approach to investigating teacher knowledge. The essay data related Finnish future teachers' (N = 18) perceptions of the "knowledge required for teaching mathematics" were transformed into network. We classified knowledge topics using Mathematical Knowledge Teaching (MKT) framework and examined relationships between issues raised with aid network analysis. According results, teachers see six MKT domains in hierarchical sequence. As it is not subject specific,...

Abstract The unique structure of [2.2]paracyclophane (PCP) with its rigidity, stability, and planar chirality has gained significant attention in polymer material research. In this work, the incorporation amino‐functionalized PCPs within polymers intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) is reported for first time. Three different PCP‐PIMs were prepared via a Tröger's base formation mechanism, their structures characterized solid‐state NMR, MALDI‐TOF, SEM. Their porosity was evaluated using gas...

Practical work in school science plays many essential roles that have been discussed the literature. However, less attention has paid to how teachers learn different of practical and kind challenges they face their learning during laboratory courses designed for teachers. In present study we applied principles grounded theory frame a set factors seem major concerning both successful physics also preparation lessons exploit work. The subject groups were preservice inservice who participated...

This study has investigated the use of an open guided inquiry laboratory course in which a group pre-service teachers planned and implemented practical work for school purposes. A total 32 (physics, mathematics, chemistry majors) participated study. Each participant wrote reflective essay after completing course, three were interviewed four times during course. The results show that environment provides support to discover limits their understanding subject matter knowledge, allowing them...

This article examines Finnish mathematics student teachers’ epistemological beliefs concerning the nature of and goals teaching learning solely in beginning their studies at university. A total 18 students participated a study consisting short questionnaire interviews. The data was analyzed by categorizing views presented terms four mathematics-related orientations. According to results, teachers often regarded mainly as static system, but about consisted features that derive from all Future...

This study concentrates on analysing university students' pre-knowledge of thermal physics. The understanding the basic concepts and adiabatic compression an ideal gas was studied at start introductory level course. A total 48 students participated in a paper-and-pencil test, analysis responses revealed that they had several kinds problems. They did not differentiate between concepts, confusing particular temperature, internal energy heat. also seemed to have serious problems applying first...

We describe the development of a research-based quantum physics course for teachers. A case study approach is used to effect on preservice and inservice teachers’ understanding photoelectric effect. Results offer new insights into learning by providing detailed description participant understanding. The outcomes achieved indicate that instructional teaching–learning procedure in can help teachers attain an in-depth key concepts.

The use of amphiphilic block copolymers to generate colloidal delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs has been the subject extensive research, with several formulations reaching clinical development stages. However, particles uniform size and morphology, high encapsulation efficiency, yield batch-to-batch reproducibility remains a challenge, various microfluidic technologies have explored tackle these issues. Herein, we report optimization poly(ethylene glycol)-block-(ε-caprolactone)...

Abstract Commercial low acyl gellan (LAG) is purified by the fractional dissolution method. An aqueous solution of commercial LAG exhibits polyelectrolyte character due to its high molar mass and carboxylic groups in glucuronic acid fragments. The empirical Fuoss equation determines intrinsic viscosity salt‐less water. Fractionation carried out ultrasound treatment. fractions are characterized 1 H NMR FTIR spectroscopy. viscosities ultrasonically treated samples measured 0.025 m...

[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Upper Division Physics Courses.] This study concentrates evaluating consistency upper-division students' use second law thermodynamics at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Data were collected by means a pencil test (N=48) focusing features concerned with heat transfer processes. The data analysis was based qualitative content where responses to macroscopic- microscopic-level items categorized provide insight into ideas; if students relied...

The demand for naturally derived, functional and cost-effective raw materials various food applications is escalating. Spruce wood a sustainable abundant, but underutilized source of novel hydrocolloids—galactoglucomannans (GGM). Pressurized-hot water extracted GGM with an intermediate molar mass are hypothesized to form colloidal solutions. To design superior quality products from GGM, understanding their stability potential effect in multiphasic systems required. present study addresses...

This work describes the thermoresponsive transition in polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-polystyrene (PS-block-PNIPAM-block-PS) triblock copolymer hydrogels, as observed by both direct and reciprocal space in-situ characterization. The hydrogel morphology was studied dry wet state, at temperatures below beyond coil−globule of PNIPAM, using vitrified ice cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), freeze-drying technique, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). selected...

This study focuses on students' conceptions of electric and magnetic fields at university level the interrelations between them. A total 33 students participated in a paper pencil test after completion first-year electricity second-year electromagnetism courses. The were investigated contexts charged particle, charging capacitor, electromagnetic induction, an plane wave. results show that do not include vector nature field quantities their reasoning. In addition, learning interactions is...

This work describes properties of thermosensitive submicrometer-sized particles having the same chemical composition but different morphologies. These have been prepared with an aerosol technique using dimethylformamide solutions linear polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-polystyrene, PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PS. The were characterized by cryo-electron microscopy, microcalorimetry, and light scattering. Block copolymers self-assembled within forming onion-like, gyroid-like, spherical...

Finland has scored well in international assessments (e.g. PISA, TIMSS), and the pressure to attain excellent scores activated a drive toward even more effective mathematics teacher education. This article presents results of qualitative assessment education provided by University Eastern Finland. In this study, views held practicing teachers (N=101) educators (N=19) are compared so that outstanding development needs terms their contents can be revealed. The data was gathered via an...