Noble metal nanostructures can enhance absorption in thin-film solar cells by simultaneously taking advantage of i) high near-fields surrounding the close to their surface plasmon resonance frequency and ii) coupling waveguide modes. We develop basic design rules for realization broadband enhancements such structures.

Photovoltaic (PV) cells can serve as a virtually unlimited clean source of energy by converting sunlight into electrical power. Their importance is reflected in the tireless efforts that have been devoted to improving and structural properties PV materials. More recently, photon management (PM) has emerged powerful additional means boost conversion efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate an entirely new PM strategy capitalizes on strong broad band optical antenna effects one-dimensional...

We experimentally demonstrate planar lenses based on nanoscale slit arrays in a metallic film. Our lens structures consist of optically thick gold films with micron-size closely spaced, slits varying widths milled using focused ion beam. find excellent agreement between electromagnetic simulations the design and confocal measurements manufactured structures. provide guidelines for show how actual behavior deviates from simple theory.

CMOS compatible electrooptic plasmonic modulators are slated to be key components in chip-scale photonic circuits. In this work, we investigate detailed design and optimization protocols for that suitable free-space coupling on-chip integration. The metallic structures the proposed devices offer simultaneous electric optical functions. resonance-enhanced nonlinear interaction submicrometer-footprint of these meet stringent requirements future modulators, allowing high-speed operation (>100...

We report on the ability of resonant plasmonic slits to efficiently concentrate electromagnetic energy into a nanoscale volume absorbing material placed inside or directly behind slit. This gives rise extraordinary optical absorption characterized by an enhancement factor that well exceeds enhancements seen for transmission through slits. A semianalytic Fabry-Perot model is developed and shown quantitatively agree with full-field simulations. show nearly 1000% can be realized at 633 nm in...

We theoretically investigate the spontaneous emission process of an optical, dipolar emitter in metal-dielectric-metal slab and slot waveguide structures. find that both structures exhibit strong enhancements at nonresonant conditions, due to tight confinement modes between two metallic plates. The large enhancement surface plasmon-polariton excitation enables dipole be preferentially coupled into plasmon modes. These applications creating nanoscale local light sources or generating guided...

Abstract Plasmonics has started to facilitate the replacement of bulky optical components in systems by compact nanometallic elements that perform same function. This allows for a natural and very dense integration with electronic devices. In this vein, we present silicon (Si) photodetector integrated set plasmonic structures can be used as either broadband linear-Stokes polarimeter or narrowband full-Stokes capable determining complete state polarization light beam. At probe-wavelength 830...

A theoretical study of the optical properties metallic nano-strip antennas is presented. Such strips exhibit retardation-based resonances resulting from constructive interference counter propagating short-range surface plasmon-polaritons (SR-SPPs) that reflect antenna terminations. Fabry-P erot model was formulated successfully predicts both peak position and spectral shape their resonances. This requires knowledge SR-SPP reflection amplitude phase pickup upon structure These quantities were...

A novel type of multiple-wavelength focusing plasmonic coupler based on a nonperiodic nanoslit array is designed and experimentally demonstrated. An nanoslits patterned thin metal film used to couple free-space light into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) simultaneously focus different-wavelength SPPs arbitrary predefined locations in the two-dimensional plane. We design fabricate compact triplexer glass substrate with an integrated silicon photodetector. The photocurrent spectra demonstrate...

Objectives. To test whether paid family leave policies in California and New Jersey improved breastfeeding practices, overall among key subgroups.Methods. We conducted difference-in-differences analyses, comparing pre-post policy changes with states where no were implemented. examined a large, diverse sample of children born during 2001 to 2013 (n = 306 266), drawn from the 2003 2015 National Immunization Survey waves. Outcomes included ever breastfed, breastfed exclusively at 3 6 months,...

Importance Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are promoted as key policies to reduce cardiometabolic diseases and other conditions, but comprehensive analyses of SSB in the US have been difficult because absence sufficiently large data samples methods limitations. Objective To estimate changes prices purchases following 5 cities. Design, Setting, Participants In this cross-sectional study with an augmented synthetic control analysis, SSBs were estimated tax implementation Boulder,...

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a powerful, quasi-experimental research design widely used in longitudinal policy evaluations with health outcomes. However, DiD designs face several challenges to ensuring reliable causal inference, such as when settings are more complex. Recent economics literature has revealed that estimators may exhibit bias heterogeneous treatment effects, common consequence of staggered implementation, present. To deepen our understanding these advancements...

A theoretical study of standing-wave resonances surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in finite-length metal-dielectric-metal cavities is presented. Fabry-P\'erot model constructed to describe the cavity resonances, and associated optical parameters are calculated analytically. One key parameter phase acquired by resonating SPPs upon reflection from end faces. This pickup with near-field energy storage at these faces, imaginary part coefficient shown be approximately proportional stored energy....

With the rise in social media use, emojis have become a popular addition to text-based commu-nication. The sudden increase number and variety of used raises questions about how individuals interpret messages containing emojis. To explore perceptions emoji usage, we conducted 2 (Sender Gender: Female or Male) x (Emoji Type: Affectionate Friendly) be-tween-groups experiment examine appropriateness likability each four hypo-thetical text sent woman from either male female coworker. In general,...

OBJECTIVES Few researchers have evaluated whether school racial segregation, a key manifestation of structural racism, affects child health, despite its potential impacts on quality, social networks, and stress from discrimination. We investigated segregation Black children’s health behaviors. METHODS estimated the association with leveraging natural experiment in which districts recent years experienced increased segregation. School was operationalized as Black-White dissimilarity index....

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) disproportionately affects Black adults in the United States. This is increasingly acknowledged to be due inequitable distribution of health-promoting resources. One potential contributor inequities educational opportunities, although it unclear what aspects education are most salient. School racial segregation may affect cardiovascular health by increasing stress, constraining socioeconomic and altering behaviors. We investigated association between...

Using 11 years of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey data set 2011 to 2021, we track evolution depression risk states territories before during COVID-19 pandemic. We use these in conjunction with unemployment COVID case by state year describe changes prevalence self-reported diagnosis a depressive disorder over time especially after onset 2020 2021. further investigate heterogeneous associations demographic...

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The US is the only high-income country without a national paid family leave (PFL) policy, although several states have implemented policies recently. This study evaluated whether PFL in six improved maternal and infant health. We used difference-in-differences, quasi-experimental approach, to estimate impact of state-level policy implementation. leveraged recently developed methods designed account for staggered implementation treatment effect heterogeneity. Data were drawn from Pregnancy...