Electron-electron interactions and detector bandwidth limit the maximal imaging speed of single-beam scanning electron microscopes. We use multiple beams in a single column detect secondary electrons parallel to increase by close two orders magnitude demonstrate for variety samples ranging from biological brain tissue semiconductor wafers.

ABSTRACT Load-induced extravascular fluid flow has been postulated to play a role in mechanotransduction of physiological loads at the cellular level. Furthermore, displaced serves as carrier for metabolites, nutrients, mineral precursors and osteotropic agents important activity. We hypothesise that load-induced enhances transport these key substances, thus helping regulate activity associated with processes functional adaptation remodelling. To test this hypothesis, molecular tracer...

Here, we report on the first part of a two-part experimental series to elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling, which underpins evolution stem cell shape and fate, emergence tissue structure function. In Part I these studies, develop protocols stabilize microtubules exogenously using paclitaxel (PAX) in standardized model murine embryonic line (C3H/10T1/2) maximize comparability with previously published studies. We then probe native microtubule-stabilized cells' capacity adapt...

Stem cells adapt to their local mechanical environment by rearranging cytoskeleton, which underpins the evolution of shape and fate as well emergence tissue structure function. Here, in second part a two-part experimental series, we aimed elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling resulting changes morphology properties nuclei. Akin testing most basic living adapting unit life, i.e., cell, situ model templates, probed native microtubule-stabilized (via Paclitaxel, PAX, exposure) stem...

Condensation is a metamorphizing event for the mesenchymal stem cell. The balance of forces in cell during condensation plays key role determining shape and fate. In current study, we aim to elucidate shape-changing deviatoric shear stresses developmental context modulation gene transcription prior commitment. We hypothesize that magnitude duration exposure multipotent embryonic cells stress significantly affect activity genes musculoskeletal development at earliest stage...

Mesenchymal stem cell shape and fate are intrinsic manifestations of form function at the cellular level. We hypothesize that seeding density initial protocol influence fate. Nucleus early (within days seeding) expression genes typical for pre-, peri-, postcondensation events were compared between groups cells after or proliferating to target (low [LD], 16,500 cells/cm2; high [HD], 35,000 very [VHD], 86,500 cells/cm2). Significant differences in nuclear could be attributed VHD group, where...

Background: A recently proposed one-stage bone-transport surgical procedure exploits the intrinsic osteogenic potential of periosteum while providing mechanical stability through intramedullary nailing. The objective this study was to assess efficacy technique bridge massive long-bone defects in a single stage. Methods: With use an ovine femoral model, situ periosteal sleeve elevated circumferentially from healthy diaphyseal bone, which osteotomized and transported over nail into 2.54-cm...

Abstract The periosteum serves as bone's bounding membrane, exhibits hallmarks of semipermeable epithelial barrier membranes, and contains mechanically sensitive progenitor cells capable generating bone. current paucity data regarding the periosteum's permeability bidirectional transport properties provided impetus for study. In ovine femur tibia samples, hydraulic coefficient, k, was calculated using Darcy's Law a custom-designed tester to apply controlled, volumetric flow...

Abstract Due to lack of access in healthy patients, the structural properties underlying inherent regenerative power and advanced material human periosteum are not well understood. Periosteum comprises a cellular cambium layer directly apposing outer surface bone an fibrous encompassed by surrounding soft tissues. As first step elucidating characteristics bone, current study aims measure thickness as cellularity femora tibiae aged donors. The major minor centroidal axes ( CA ) serve...

The interosseous membrane (IOM), a ligament-like structure spanning the radius and ulna, reduces strain in ulna structurally stiffens radio-ulnar complex of forearm. Using two-photon second-harmonic-imaging we measured collagen elastin signal intensity to test hypothesis that their spatial distributions correspond predominant loading patterns IOM. Distinct gradients elastin, as well cruciate architectures, were observed at submicron micron mesoscopic length scales. Quantitative analysis...

Abstract Load-induced fluid flow enhances molecular transport through bone tissue and relates to areas of resorption apposition. Remodeling activity is highly coordinated necessitates a means for cellular communication via intracellular extracellular means. Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, which reside in disparate locations within the tissue, communicate intracellularly syncytium extracellularly pericellular space lacunocanalicular system. Both these communications systems are...