Abstract Weather radars have been widely used to detect and quantify precipitation nowcast severe weather for more than 50 years. Operational generate huge three-dimensional datasets that can accumulate terabytes per day. So it is essential review what be done with existing vast amounts of data, how we should manage the present future climatologists. All provide reflectivity factor, this main parameter archived. Saving as volumetric data in original spherical coordinates allows studies...

Short-duration rainfall extremes can cause flash flooding with associated impacts. Previous studies of climate impacts on extreme precipitation have focused mainly daily rain totals. Subdaily are often generated in small areas that be missed by gauge networks or satellites and not resolved models. Here, we show a robust positive trend at least 20% per decade subhourly near Sydney, Australia, over 20 years, despite no evidence trends hourly scales. This is seen consistently storms tracked...

Abstract In Australia, hailstorms present considerable public safety and economic risks, where they are considered the most damaging natural hazard in terms of annual insured losses. Despite these impacts, current climatological distribution hailfall across continent is still comparatively poorly understood. This study aims to supplement previous national hail climatologies, such as those based on environmental proxies or satellite radiometer data, with more direct radar-based observations....

Abstract On 8 February 2018, a supercell storm produced gargantuan (>15 cm or >6 in. in maximum dimension) hail as it moved over the heavily populated city of Villa Carlos Paz Córdoba Province, Argentina. Observations are quite rare, but large population density here yielded numerous witnesses and social media pictures videos from this event that document multiple hailstones. The was also sampled by newly installed operational polarimetric C-band radar Córdoba. During RELAMPAGO...

Abstract. Large hail events are typically infrequent, with significant time gaps between occurrences at specific locations. However, when these do happen, they can cause rapid and substantial economic losses within a matter of minutes. Therefore, it is crucial to have the ability accurately observe understand phenomena improve mitigation this impact. While in situ observations accurate, limited number for an individual storm. Weather radars, on other hand, provide larger observation...

Abstract Australia has a large operational weather radar network spanning multiple climatic regimes. However, data from this is not commonly used to obtain heavy rainfall event characteristics. Drawing on the methodology presented in Bowden et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jd039253 ), areal variables are identify and characterize events at 15 Australian sites over an 11‐year period. Rainfall all grouped into three clusters based their characteristics—stratiform (low intensities...

One expected impact of climate warming is an increase in sub-daily extreme rainfall. A simple thermodynamic argument suggests that  extremes should at a rate about 7.5%/K warming. Convective permitting models and some situ gauge data  intensity increases by more than 7.5%/K.  In data sparse so will miss many small-scale rainfall events. Radar can sample large region with high space time resolution but has its own problems.  Australian radar been...

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a major forcing of inter‐decadal to quasi‐centennial variability the hydroclimatology Basin. Its effects are most pronounced in extra‐tropical regions, while it modulates El Niño Southern (ENSO), largest global inter‐annual climate variability. Palaeo‐PDO indices now available for at least past 500 years. Here we show that >500 year PDO index Shen et al. (2006) highly correlated with inflows headwaters Australia's longest river system,...

The southeast Queensland ( SEQ ) region of Australia is recognised for frequent thunderstorms documented through numerous studies including high‐impact severe thunderstorm cases which have caused insured losses exceeding $1 billion AUD . Despite a modest body scientific literature, basic questions regarding the role climate, synoptic and local‐scale (<10 km) processes affecting variability still remain. In an effort to advance these as part Coastal Convective Interactions Experiment CCIE...

Abstract Annual resolution reconstructions of alpine temperatures are rare, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere, while no snow cover exist. These records essential to place in context impact anthropogenic global warming against historical major natural climate events such as Roman Warm Period (RWP), Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA). Here we show a marginal region Australia using carbon isotope speleothem reconstruction, over past five decades has experienced...

Abstract Observations made by weather radars play a central role in many aspects of meteorological research and forecasting. These applications commonly require that radar data be supplied on Cartesian grid, necessitating coordinate transformation interpolation from the radar’s native spherical geometry using process known as gridding. In this study, we introduce variational gridding method and, through series theoretical real experiments, show it outperforms existing methods terms...

Abstract A spatial mismatch between radar-based hail swaths and surface reports is commonly noted in meteorological literature. The discrepancy partly due to hailstone advection melting detection aloft observation at the ground. This study aims mitigate this problem by introducing a model named HailTrack, which estimates hailfall using radar observations. operates detecting, tracking, collating trajectories dual-polarized, dual-Doppler retrievals. Notable improvements forecasts were observed...

Evidence of solar and tropical‐ocean forcing climate cycles has been found in numerous palaeoclimate records. Numerical modelling studies show physical mechanisms by which direct indirect may affect climate, while there is mounting evidence tropical ocean‐atmosphere teleconnections. This study developed a 6500 year record dust deposition, proxy for regional hydroclimate variability the Snowy Mountains region Australia. Spectral analysis provides statistically significant deposition 35–43...

Abstract Radar data can be of significant utility in investigating characteristics rainfall events that cannot studied with rain gauges alone. The recent establishment a long‐term, quality‐controlled set covering most the radars on Australian continent enables deeper characterization rainfall, including heavy events. This study develops methodology to identify and characterize from radar tests its by applying it regions surrounding major cities Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne. event include...

Abstract Thunderstorm-affected communities develop an awareness of “hotspot” regions that historically experience more frequent or intense storm activity across many years. A scientifically based understanding this localized variability has significant implications for both the public and industry; however, a lack sufficiently long robust observational datasets limited prior research at mesogamma spatial scale (2–20 km). This is particularly true coastal environments, where hotspot been...

Abstract Each year, billions of birds migrate across the globe, and interpretation weather radar signals is increasingly being used to document spatial temporal migration patterns in Europe America. Such approaches are yet be applied East Asian‐Australasian Flyway (EAAF), one most species‐rich threatened flyways world. Logistical challenges limit direct on‐ground monitoring migratory many parts EAAF, resulting knowledge gaps on population status site use that evidence‐based conservation...

Abstract There is a growing need to better understand and quantify risks associated with extreme weather, including severe thunderstorm‐related hazards such as hail lightning. Hail occurrence based on long‐term archive of radar observations presented for the first time in many temperate subtropical regions Australia, together lightning from ground‐based network sensors. Mean monthly hourly frequencies are examined Environmental conditions obtained reanalysis data indicate stronger wind shear...

Abstract. A new technique, named “HailPixel”, is introduced for measuring the maximum dimension and intermediate of hailstones from aerial imagery. The photogrammetry procedure applies a convolutional neural network robust detection against complex backgrounds an edge method shape identified hailstones. This semi-automated technique capable many thousands within single survey, which several orders magnitude larger (e.g. 10 000 or more hailstones) than population sizes existing sensors hail...

Abstract Linear precipitation systems are a prominent contributor to rainfall over Melbourne, Australia, and the surrounding region. These often convective in nature, frequently associated with cold fronts, some cases can lead significant flash flooding. Various types of linearly organized (e.g., squall lines, quasi-linear systems) have been subject much research United States elsewhere, but thus far relatively little analysis has done on linear Australia. To begin understand extremes how...

The wide ranging impacts of atmospheric dust have received much attention over the past two decades. This research has been driven by need to better resolve roles dusts in processes; biogeochemical cycles, particularly response changing land use and climate; on human health. Global emissions are estimated range from 1000 2000 Mt yr −1 . These estimates derived sediment budgets based surface monitoring concentrations, analyses palaeo‐dust deposits satellite plumes. However, significant...

Abstract. Severe tropical cyclone (TC) Debbie made landfall on the northern Queensland coast of Australia 27 March 2017 after crossing Great Barrier Reef as a slow-moving Category 4 system. Groups from industry, government and academia collected coastal hazard impact data before, during event shared these to produce holistic picture TC at coast. Results showed still water level exceeded highest astronomical tide by almost metre. Waves added further 16 % levels along open coast, were probably...

Abstract. The layered structures inside hailstones provide a direct indication of their shape and properties at various stages during growth. Given the myriad different trajectories that can exist, sensitivity rime deposit type to environmental conditions, it must be expected many perturbations hailstone occur within single hailstorm; however, some commonalities are likely in shared early growth, for similar size (especially those grow along trajectories) final growth near melting level. It...

Polarimetric weather radars offer a wealth of new information compared to conventional technology, not only enhance quantitative precipitation estimation, warnings, and short-term forecasts, but also improve our understanding generating processes their representation in numerical prediction models. To support such research opportunities, this paper describes an open-access dataset between 2014-2019 collected by the polarimetric Doppler X-band radar Bonn (BoXPol), western Germany. complement...