The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems, primarily due to coral reefs. However, knowledge on large-scale phytoplankton dynamics is limited. Analysis a 10-year high resolution Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) dataset, along with remotely-sensed sea surface temperature and wind, provided detailed description spatiotemporal seasonal succession biomass in Sea. Based MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, four distinct provinces seasons are suggested, covering major...

Ocean warming is a major consequence of climate change, with the surface ocean having warmed by 0.11 °C decade-1 over last 50 years and estimated to continue warm an additional 0.6 - 2.0 before end century1. However, there considerable variability in rates experienced different regions, so understanding regional trends important inform on possible stresses for marine organisms, particularly seas where organisms may be already operating high their thermal tolerance. Although Red Sea one...

In this paper, an extended SEIR model with a vaccination compartment is proposed to simulate the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread in Saudi Arabia. The considers seven stages of infection: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infectious (I), quarantined (Q), recovered (R), deaths (D), and vaccinated (V). Initially, mathematical analysis carried out illustrate non-negativity, boundedness, epidemic equilibrium, existence, uniqueness endemic basic reproduction number model. Such numerical...

Coral reef ecosystems, often referred to as "marine rainforests," concentrate the most diverse life in oceans.Red Sea dwellers are adapted a very warm environment, fact that makes them vulnerable further and rapid warming.The detection understanding of abrupt temperature changes is an important task, ecosystems have more chances adapt slowly rather than changing environment.Using satellite derived sea surface ground based air temperatures, it shown Red going through intense warming initiated...

The overturning circulation in the Red Sea exhibits a distinct seasonally reversing pattern and is studied using high-resolution MIT general model simulations. In first part of this study, vertical horizontal structure summer its dynamical mechanisms are presented from results. seasonal water exchange Strait Bab el Mandeb successfully simulated, structures intruding subsurface Gulf Aden intermediate good agreement with observations 2011. results suggest that driven by combined effect...

Abstract Sea level anomaly (SLA) data spanning 1992–2012 were analyzed to study the statistical properties of eddies in Red Sea. An algorithm that identifies winding angles was employed detect 4998 propagating along 938 unique eddy tracks. Statistics suggest are generated across entire but they prevalent certain regions. A high number is found central basin between 18°N and 24°N. More than 87% detected have a radius ranging from 50 135 km. Both intensity relative vorticity scale these...

In the tropics, thermal stratification (during warm conditions) may contribute to a shallowing of mixed layer above nutricline and reduction in transfer nutrients surface lit-layer, ultimately limiting phytoplankton growth. Using remotely sensed observations modelled datasets, we study such linkages northern Red Sea (NRS) - typical tropical marine ecosystem. We assess interannual variability (1998-2015) both biomass phenological indices (timing bloom initiation, duration termination)...

Global climate change has profound implications on species distributions and ecosystem functioning. In the coastal zone, ecological responses may be driven by various biogeochemical physical environmental factors. Synergistic interactions can occur when combined effects of stressors exceed their individual effects. The Red Sea, characterized strong gradients in temperature, salinity, nutrients along latitudinal axis provides a unique opportunity to study over range these variables. Using...

The shallow winter overturning circulation in the Red Sea is studied using a 50 year highresolution MITgcm (MIT general model) simulation with realistic atmospheric forcing.The for typical year, represented by 1980, and climatological mean are analyzed model output to delineate three-dimensional structure investigate underlying dynamical mechanisms.The horizontal of 1980 dominated energetic eddies.The results suggest that surface inflow intensifies western boundary current southern switches...

Abstract Tropical ocean ecosystems are predicted to become warmer, more saline, and less fertile in a future Earth. The Red Sea, one of the warmest most saline environments world, may afford insights into function tropical ecosystem changing planet. We show that concentration chlorophyll duration phytoplankton growing season Sea controlled by strength winter Arabian monsoon (through horizontal advection waters from Indian Ocean). Furthermore, contrary expectation, last decade (1998–2010)...

Phytoplankton, at the base of marine food web, represent a fundamental source in coral reef ecosystems. The timing (phenology) and magnitude phytoplankton biomass are major determinants trophic interactions. Red Sea is one warmest most saline basins world, characterized by an arid tropical climate regulated monsoon. These extreme conditions particularly challenging for life. Phytoplankton phenological indices provide objective quantitative metrics to characterize seasonality. i.e. timings...

ABSTRACT The Advanced Research version of Weather and Forecasting ( WRF‐ARW ) model was used to generate a downscaled, 10‐km resolution regional climate dataset over the Red Sea adjacent region. simulations are performed based on two, two‐way nested domains 30‐ resolutions assimilating all conventional observations using cyclic three‐dimensional variational approach an initial 12‐h period. improved conditions then products for following 24 h. We combined resulting daily 24‐h datasets...

Abstract As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, coral bleaching events become more frequent. Some of most affected reef ecosystems are located in poorly monitored waters, and thus, extent damage is unknown. We propose use marine heatwaves (MHWs) as a new approach for detecting zones susceptible bleaching, using Red Sea model system. corals exceptionally heat‐resistant, yet have increased frequency. By applying strict definition MHWs on >30 year satellite‐derived sea surface...

This study investigates the long‐term variability of surface air temperature (SAT) over Arabian Peninsula (AP), using data from Climate Research Unit (TS 3.22) for 1960–2010 period. The climatology suggests that warmest AP mean temperatures occur during summer, with highest northern (NAP), due to monsoon–desert mechanism. During winter, NAP exhibits low SATs under influence western disturbances originating Mediterranean. southwestern lowest because its proximity Sea cold waters, and also...

Accurate early season predictions of crop yield at the within-field scale can be used to address a range production, management, and precision agricultural challenges. While remote sensing insights has been research goal for many years, it is only recently that observations with required spatio-temporal resolutions, together efficient assimilation methods integrate these into modeling frameworks, have become available advance prediction efforts. Here we explore approach combines daily...

Image and video data analysis has become an increasingly important research area with applications in different domains such as security surveillance, healthcare, augmented virtual reality, image editing, activity recognition, synthetic content generation, distance education, telepresence, remote sensing, sports analytics, art, non-photorealistic rendering, search engines, social media. Recent advances Artificial Intelligence (AI) particularly deep learning have sparked new challenges led to...

Despite the significant negative impact of marine pollution on ecosystem and humans, its automated detection tracking from broadly available satellite data is still a major challenge. In particular, most research development efforts focus one specific pollutant implementing, in cases, binary classification tasks, e.g., detect Plastics or no Plastics, target limited number classes, such as Oil Spill, Look-alikes Water. Moreover, developed algorithms tend to operate successfully only locally,...

This paper investigates an approximation scheme of the optimal nonlinear Bayesian filter based on Gaussian mixture representation state probability distribution function. The resulting is similar to particle filter, but different from it in that, standard weight-type correction complemented by Kalman-type with associated covariance matrices mixture. We show that this algorithm between Kalman and therefore referred as (PKF). In PKF, solution a filtering problem expressed weighted average...

Monitoring the development of vegetation height through time provides a key indicator crop health and overall condition. Traditional manual approaches for monitoring are generally consuming, labor intensive impractical large-scale operations. Dynamic heights collected season allow identification within-field problems at critical stages growth cycle, providing mechanism remedial action to be taken against end yield losses. With advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies, routine...