Four hypotheses concerning the character and consequences of participation in an ethnic enclave economy are examined. The first concerns justifiability operationalizing on basis place residence, as done recently published research. second third pertain to effects entrepreneurs workers, respectively. fourth deals with determinants self-employment among minorities. Two data sets employed this analysis: 1980 Census individual sample for Cuban-born adult immigrants South Florida a 1983-86...

We use the 1990 National Health Interview Survey supplement on Family Resources to examine health care utilization patterns of immigrant and native-born adults in United States. modify a standard framework by including duration residence States measures adaptation family context model both probability number physician contacts previous year. find that has strong effect. Recently-arrived immigrants are much less likely have had contact year fewer than either or longer-term adults. Once...

The unique health and aging challenges of rural populations often go unnoticed. In fact, the United States is home to disproportionate shares older sicker people, there are large growing rural-urban within-rural mortality disparities, many communities in population decline, racial/ethnic diversity increasing.Yet not monolithic, although some places characterized by declining health, others have seen improvements health. We draw on these realities call for new research five areas.First,...

Abstract It is well recognized that the informal economy—unregulated economic activities generate real or in‐kind income—features prominently in day‐to‐day lives of many developing world. Researchers have begun to explore economy developed countries but this work has focussed primarily on urban areas neglect rural areas. In paper nature and correlates nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania are described through an analysis survey data 505 families. Results indicate participation widespread, not more...

Abstract An important way in which employment hardship has come to be conceptualized and measured is as underemployment. Underemployment goes beyond mere unemployment (being out of a job looking for work), include those who have given up work, part‐time workers whose employer(s) cannot give them full‐time the working poor. To provide needed background other articles this special issue, we trace history concept underemployment, review existing empirical literature, offer critique measurement...

A broad literature has made it clear that geographic units must be selected with care or they are likely to introduce error and uncertainty into results. Nevertheless, researchers often use data “off the shelf” implicit assumptions their observations consistent geographical concept relevant for research question, of uniformly high quality in capturing this identity. In paper, we consider “labor market” offer a template both clarifying its meaning testing suitability extant labor-market...

A bstract The “rural paradox” refers to standardized mortality rates in rural areas that are unexpectedly low view of well‐known economic and infrastructural disadvantages there. We explore this paradox by incorporating social capital, a promising explanatory factor has seldom been incorporated into residential research. do so while being attentive spatial dependence, statistical problem often ignored Analyzing data for counties the contiguous United States, we find that: (1) is confirmed...

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the extent which specific feeding styles may be associated with diets infants aged 6–9 months in Guinea. This designed have multiple, iterative phases methodological triangulation. During Phase 1 data collection, direct observations ( n = 10) were used develop a tailored tool for 2, during 72 meal conducted among define caregiver styles. Specific behaviours underlying established recorded at level intended bite. Following each observation, infant...

Abstract Underemployment, which goes beyond unemployment to include the working poor, discouraged workers, and involuntary part‐time is a useful measure of employment hardship. We argue that underemployment should be included with other conventional indicators disadvantaged circumstances nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) labor, in terms not only prevalence, but also likelihood transitions into out underemployment. take advantage quasi‐longitudinal nature U.S. Current Population Surveys estimate...

Elderly persons in nonmetropolitan areas are more likely to be poor than their metropolitan counterparts, and the gap between them increases with age. This study provides a comprehensive empirical comparison of nature income poverty among (metro) (nonmetro) elders. Drawing on 1990 Current Population Survey, we document differences by age for various demographic subgroups elderly population. These analyses show that rates higher nonmetro elders virtually all subgroups. We estimate logistic...

Abstract Historically, rural racial and ethnic minorities have been among the most economically disadvantaged groups in United States. Key to understanding economic deprivation is employment hardship, trends which serve as a benchmark for progress toward equality. We conceptualize hardship underemployment, goes beyond unemployment include discouraged workers, involuntary part‐time working poor. Analyzing data from March Current Population Surveys of 1968 through 1998, we find that (1) there...

The recent surge in immigration to the United States has re? kindled debate over economic burden imposed by immi? grants. This article explores utilization of public assis? tance immigrants and natives. analysis goes beyond existing research utilizing repeated cross-sectional data. Descriptive tables show that despite their higher poverty rates, immigrant families had only minimally assistance recipiency rates compared Multivariate logistic regression analyses reveal were generally less...

Abstract The growth in macro‐level income inequality the United States is well established, but less known about patterns of at subnational scales and how they vary between within rural urban localities. Using data from Decennial Census American Community Survey, we produce estimates within‐county 1970 to 2016 analyze differences levels, persistence high (low) inequality, populations' exposure across rural‐urban continuum. We find that has historically been higher non‐metropolitan than...