This study examined the association between socioeconomic deprivation, travel distance, urban-rural status, location and type of screening unit, breast uptake. Screening was provided at 13 locations--1 fixed 12 mobile (3 non-health locations).The data from 1998 to 2001 for 34 868 women aged 50-64 years, calculated road used 1991 enumeration district level Townsend deprivation scores, a ward classification.Odds attendance decreased with increasing an adjusted odds ratio 0.64 (95%CI 0.59 0.70)...

Urban greenspace can improve the health of local residents by facilitating physical activity, psychological restoration, and social contacts, as well through amelioration environment immune system modulation. In some cases, exposure has been reported to reduce inequalities associated with deprivation. However, studies investigating socioeconomic equity distribution find conflicting results. We investigate how varies deprivation in Sheffield, UK, for three aspects (access; provision, or...

Despite the growing body of research exploring health benefits greenspace, most studies treat greenspace as homogenous. There remains a need to focus on 'quality' rather than quantity greenspace. Quality may be substantial determinant for use and experience within greenspaces therefore influence well-being derived from that use. This small-area level ecological study was undertaken city Sheffield, UK. Health data were drawn general question 2011 UK Census. Greenspace quality measured using...

Background and Purpose— Air pollution is associated with stroke, road traffic a major source of outdoor air pollution. Using proximity to roads as proxy for exposure pollution, we examined the hypothesis that living near main increases risk stroke mortality. Methods— We used small-area ecological study design based on 113 465 census enumeration districts in England Wales. Stroke mortality ( International Classification Disease , 9th revision, codes 430 through 438) Wales from 1990 1992...

The relation between alcohol consumption and blood pressure is well recognized, advice to reduce plays an important part in the management of hypertensive patients. We have evaluated effectiveness this a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical study. After 2-week run-in period, men regularly consuming more than 20 units/wk (1 unit = 10 g) were randomly assigned either "advice" or control group seen at intervals over 8-week study period. outcome measures were: reported (1-week...

Many causes of death are directly attributable to the toxic effects alcohol and deaths from these increasing in United Kingdom. The aim this study was investigate variation alcohol-related mortality relation socioeconomic deprivation, urban-rural location age within a national context.An ecological design used with data 8797 standard table wards England Wales. methodology included using Carstairs Index as measure deprivation at small-area level harmonised classification system for urban...

To develop a transparent and reproducible measure for hospitals that can indicate when deaths in hospital or within 30 days of discharge are high relative to other hospitals, given the characteristics patients hospital, investigate those factors have greatest effect changing rank whether interactions exist between factors, stability over time.Retrospective cross sectional study admissions English hospitals.Hospital episode statistics England from 1 April 2005 September 2010, with linked...

Cross-sectional research linking exposure to greenspace with human health rarely describes characteristics in detail, but a few studies do find that some types of have greater benefits than others. We review literature landscape metrics multiple mechanisms by which is posited benefit health. Using identified this process describe the composition and configuration urban greenspace, we conduct small-area epidemiological analysis self-reported general for city Sheffield, UK. A relatively high...

There is a growing recognition of the health benefits natural environment. Whilst domestic gardens account for significant proportion greenspace in urban areas, few studies, and no population level have investigated their potential benefits. With offering immediate interaction with nature on our doorsteps, we hypothesise that garden size will affect general health-with smaller associated poorer health.A small area ecological design was undertaken using two separate analyses based data from...

Exposure to greenspace in urban environments is associated with a range of improved health and well-being outcomes. There need understand which aspects influence components health. We investigate the relationship indicators quantity (total specific types greenspace), accessibility quality poor general health, depression, severe mental illness, city Sheffield, UK. find complex relationships multiple that are different for each measure, highlighting future studies include multiple, nuanced...

Abstract Background Above and below knee amputation (AKA, BKA) are treatments of last resort for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aim was to examine rates, AKA:BKA ratios, previous revascularization minor amputation, lengths stay in hospital, mortality following regional variation people with without diabetes England. Methods study used population-based ecological cohort designs, 31 672 census areas, hospital admissions from 2006 2018 Poisson, logistic Cox regression. Results There...

Current evidence suggests that stroke mortality and hospital admissions should be higher in areas with elevated levels of outdoor air pollution because the combined acute chronic exposure effects pollution. We examined this hypothesis using a small-area level ecological correlation study.We used 1030 census enumeration districts as unit analysis deaths from 1994 to 1998, denominator counts for people > or =45 years. Modeled data particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), carbon...

Evidence linking outdoor air pollution and incidence of stroke is limited. We examined effects on the ischemic hemorrhagic at population level focusing middle-aged older people.We used a small-area ecological study design register set up to capture all incident cases first-ever occurring in defined geographical area south London (948 census output areas) where road traffic contributes spatial variation pollution. Population-weighted averages were calculated for areas using nitrogen dioxide...

Background and Purpose— The impact of air pollution on survival after stroke is unknown. We examined the outdoor by studying a population-based cohort. Methods— All patients who experienced their first-ever between 1995 2005 in geographically defined part London, where road traffic contributes to spatial variation pollution, were followed up mid-2006. Outdoor concentrations nitrogen dioxide particulate matter <10 μm diameter modeled at 20-m grid point resolution for 2002 linked...

Some emergency admissions can be avoided if acute exacerbations of health problems are managed by the range services providing and urgent care.To identify system-wide factors explaining variation in age sex adjusted admission rates for conditions rich avoidable admissions.National ecological study.152 care systems England.Hospital Episode Statistics data on were used to calculate an rate each system England 2008-2011.There 3 273 395 relevant 2008-2011, accounting 22% all admissions. The mean...

Prevalence of alcohol-related harms in England are among the highest Europe and represents an important policy issue. Understanding how trends vary by demographic factors is for informing debates. The aim our study was to examine admissions hospital England, with a focus on variations sex, age socioeconomic deprivation. We used data financial years 2002/03 2013/14. Our four main outcome variables were acute chronic conditions wholly partially attributable alcohol consumption. also looked at...

Background: Genetically determined variation in proinflammatory cytokine release influences severity of meningococcal disease and other serious infections. Objective: To ascertain the relative frequencies single nucleotide polymorphisms within interleukin-1 gene locus among patients who survived those died a control population blood donors. Design: Association study. Setting: England Wales. Patients: 1106 consecutively received samples from persons with microbiologically confirmed 839...

Aims To examine the hypothesis that coronary heart disease mortality and emergency hospital admission rates are higher in areas with outdoor air pollution levels.

The hypothesis that the action of alcohol on blood pressure is rapidly reversible and its effect therefore mainly due to very recent consumption was examined in this study. Five hundred seventy-seven subjects were screened an occupational survey. Alcohol consumption, documented with a 1-week retrospective diary divided into two categories: "recent" "previous" intake. Recent intake defined as amount consumed days 1, 2, 3 immediately preceding measurement. Previous 4, 5, 6 High significantly...

When viewed from a public health perspective, water is typically considered in terms of drinking, bathing and waste disposal but other activities, particularly food production, inshore fisheries recreation, form important points hu-man contact. The sector diverse, comprising environmental sciences, engineering, the supply industry, regulatory authorities government policy-makers. A new level engage-ment to involve objectives therefore dependent upon establishing basis for dialogue...