Introducing nonparametric methods. Location estimates for single samples. Distribution tests and rank transformations Methods paired Tests estimation two independent Three or more Bivariate multivariate data. Counts categories. Robustness, jackknives bootstraps. Looking ahead.

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<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> To determine the incidence, treatment, and outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome in south east England. <h3>METHODS</h3> Patients presenting with confirmed between 1 July 1993 30 June 1994 were recruited via a voluntary reporting scheme coordinated by British Neurological Surveillance Unit, hospital activity data collected from acute admitting hospitals within South East West Thames Regional Health Authorities, death certificates, contemporary research study <i>Campylobacter...

swallowing problems (dysphagia) are common following acute stroke and independent predictors of short-term outcome. It is uncertain as to whether these associated with outcome in the longer-term.insert determine dysphagia present first week long-term outcome.a population-based follow-up people a life-time stroke. Dysphagia was assessed within 1 patients were followed up at 3 months yearly for 5 years by face-to-face interview. Outcome defined survival place residence, using multinomial...

Six histopathologists allocated 100 sections from patients with long‐standing ulcerative colitis into four diagnostic categories, regular hyperplasia, reactive atypia, low‐grade and high‐grade dysplasia. Their allocations were analysed using kappa statistics, including Fleiss's multiple for groups of observers, agreement on specific diagnoses was explored by constructing a conditional probability matrix. The nature their disagreements investigated coefficients systematic haphazard errors....

To compare the clinical and psychological effectiveness of traditional British antenatal visit schedule (traditional care) with a reduced visits (new style for low risk women, together maternal professional satisfaction care.Randomised controlled trial.Places in south east London providing care women receiving shared planning to deliver one three hospitals or at home.2794 fulfilling trial's inclusion criteria between June 1993 July 1994.Measures fetal morbidity, health service use,...

The variation between two observers in grading 100 biopsies and the corresponding main specimens of rectal carcinomas has been examined. Using kappa statistics, which take account chance agreement, we found a highly significant level agreement. As expected, higher levels were obtained for intraobserver However, disagreements many instances "haphazard" there differences bias them. Fifty paired tumours graded by five results analysed statistics overall conditional These methods revealed...

Refeeding syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition characterised by severe intracellular electrolyte shifts, acute circulatory fluid overload and organ failure. The initial symptoms are non-specific but early clinical features severely low-serum concentrations of potassium, phosphate or magnesium. Risk factors for the include starvation, chronic alcoholism, anorexia nervosa surgical interventions that require lengthy periods fasting. causes refeeding excess unbalanced enteral,...

Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) born during 1989 to 1992 (n=346) a geographically defined population were ascertained and followed up age 5 years. The aims of the study monitor hip development by serial X-rays; record gross locomotor development, aspects physical management, any hip-related orthotics or surgery; learn more natural history in this condition; provide guidelines for surveillance protocol those clinically managing children CP. X-rayed at 18, 24, 30, 48, 60 months....

To determine the incidence of a long QT interval as marker for sudden death in patients with anorexia nervosa and to assess effect refeeding. define by linear regression analysis estimation upper limit confidence (95% CI) compare this commonly used Bazett rate correction formula.Prospective case control study.Tertiary referral unit eating disorders.41 consecutive admitted over an 18 month period. 28 age sex matched normal controls.maximum measured on 12 lead electrocardiograms.43.6%...

The geographies of the current generation young people are markedly distinct from previous generations by virtue their access to a virtual playground. vast majority now engage in video gaming as leisure activity. Drawing on findings 2009/2010 WHO Health Behaviour School-aged Children study this paper set out investigate factors that might be associated with higher levels gaming. Information was collected 4404 school students aged 11, 13 and 15 years, using anonymised self-completed...

Abstract Background Reciprocal relationships between researchers and patient public involvement ( PPI ) contributors can enable successful in research. However, research anecdotal evidence suggest that do not commonly provide feedback to thus preventing them from knowing whether, how or where their contributions were useful overall. Aims The aim of this study was explore the variation, types, importance of, satisfaction with given by six groups England, identify barriers process feedback....

Evidence linking outdoor air pollution and incidence of stroke is limited. We examined effects on the ischemic hemorrhagic at population level focusing middle-aged older people.We used a small-area ecological study design register set up to capture all incident cases first-ever occurring in defined geographical area south London (948 census output areas) where road traffic contributes spatial variation pollution. Population-weighted averages were calculated for areas using nitrogen dioxide...

Background and Purpose— The impact of air pollution on survival after stroke is unknown. We examined the outdoor by studying a population-based cohort. Methods— All patients who experienced their first-ever between 1995 2005 in geographically defined part London, where road traffic contributes to spatial variation pollution, were followed up mid-2006. Outdoor concentrations nitrogen dioxide particulate matter &lt;10 μm diameter modeled at 20-m grid point resolution for 2002 linked...

Today’s challenging times highlight the need for workplaces to support employee wellbeing. Workplaces can offer a means improve wellbeing and promote health initiatives. However, small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are less likely than larger organizations engage with workplace initiatives or provision. This study, conducted in an urban area central England, explores SME engagement local government provision, barriers facilitators engagement, implementation of uptake. A mixed-methods...