Recent research on compliance in international regulatory regimes has argued (1) that is generally quite good; (2) this high level of been achieved with little attention to enforcement; (3) those problems do exist are best addressed as management rather than enforcement problems; and (4) the approach holds key evolution future cooperation system. While descriptive findings above largely correct, policy inferences dangerously contaminated by endogeneity selection problems. A rate often result...

Abstract Motivation: One important application of gene expression microarray data is classification samples into categories, such as the type tumor. The use microarrays allows simultaneous monitoring thousands genes expressions per sample. This ability to measure en masse has resulted in with number variables p(genes) far exceeding N. Standard statistical methodologies and prediction do not work well or even at all when N < p. Modification existing development new needed for analysis...

Standard statistical techniques often assume that data are normally distributed, with constant variance not depending on the mean of data. Data violate these assumptions can be brought in line by application a transformation. Gene-expression microarray have complicated error structure, changes non-linear fashion. Log transformations, which applied to data, inflate observations near background.We introduce transformation stabilizes across full range expression. Simulation studies also suggest...

The problem of ensuring that chief executives act in accordance with the wishes their constituency is particularly acute area foreign intervention where head state can be expected to possess substantial information advantages. This paper presents a formal analysis strategies used deter overly passive and aggressive discussion side effects. typically large amount uncertainty means must base its decision retain an executive on outcome conflict not apparent ex ante advisability. imposes cost...

We introduce a model for measurement error in gene expression arrays as function of the level. This model, together with analysis methods, data transformations, and weighting, allows much more precise comparisons expression, provides guidance background, determination confidence intervals, preprocessing multivariate analysis.

Aim: miRNAs are showing utility as biomarkers in urologic disease, however, a rigorous evaluation of their stability urine is lacking. Here, we evaluate the under clinically relevant storage procedures. Materials & methods: Eight healthy individuals provided clean catch samples that were stored at room temperature or 4°C for 5 days, subjected to ten freeze–thaw cycles -80°C. For each condition, two miRNAs, miR-16 and miR-21, quantitated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: All conditions...

ABSTRACT Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) leads to disabling heterotopic ossification (HO) from episodic flare-ups. However, the natural history of FOP flare-ups is poorly understood. A 78-question survey on flare-ups, translated into 15 languages, was sent 685 classically-affected patients in 45 countries (six continents). Five hundred or knowledgeable informants responded (73%; 44% males, 56% females; ages: 1 71 years; median: 23 years). The most common presenting symptoms were...

Abstract New insights are given into why the problem of detecting multivariate outliers can be difficult and difficulty increases with dimension data. Significant improvements in methods for described, extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that a hybrid method extends practical boundaries outlier detection capabilities. Based on results examples from literature, question what levels contamination detected by this algorithm as function dimension, computation time, sample size,...

Abstract Motivation: Discrimination between two classes such as normal and cancer samples types of cancers based on gene expression profiles is an important problem which has practical implications well the potential to further our understanding various cells. Classification or discrimination more than groups (multi-class) also needed. The need for multi-class methodologies apparent in many microarray experiments where are considered simultaneously. Results: Thus, this paper we present...

Little is known about diagnostic errors for a disease worldwide. Such could alter the disease's natural history, especially if unwarranted interventions cause irreversible harm. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), rare, autosomal dominant genetic characterized by episodes of permanent heterotopic ossification soft tissues, occurs worldwide without racial, ethnic, or geographic predilection. There no effective treatment, and soft-tissue trauma (eg, biopsies, surgical procedures,...

Background: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a rare genetic disorder of progressive extraskeletal ossification, is the most disabling form heterotopic ossification in humans. However, little known about lifespan or causes mortality these patients. We undertook this study to determine and individuals who had fibrodysplasia progressiva. Methods: reviewed comprehensive reports from two large registries patients with Together, comprise >90% all condition world. noted sex, dates birth...

Mahalanobis-type distances in which the shape matrix is derived from a consistent, high-breakdown robust multivariate location and scale estimator have an asymptotic chi-squared distribution as case with those ordinary covariance matrix. For example, Rousseeuw's minimum determinant (MCD) high breakdown. However, even quite large samples, approximation to of sample data MCD center respect poor. We provide improved F that gives accurate outlier rejection points for various sizes.

In this article, we propose and test a new model for measurement error in analytical chemistry. Often, the standard deviation of errors is assumed to increase proportionally concentration analyte, that cannot be used very low concentrations. For near-zero amounts, often constant, which does not apply larger quantities. Neither applies across full range concentrations an analyte. By positing two components, one additive multiplicative, obtain exhibits sensible behavior at both high levels. We...

Domestic political matters has become a rallying cry for international relations scholars over the past decade, yet question still remains: Just how does it matter? In this book, George Downs and David Rocke argue that an important part of impact domestic politics springs from institutional responses to its many uncertainties. This is due not so much errors in judgment these uncertainties can cause as strategic consequences knowing such are possible. The heart book formal analysis three...

An important application of gene expression microarray data is classification biological samples or prediction clinical and other outcomes. One necessary part multivariate statistical analysis in such applications dimension reduction. This paper provides a comparison study three reduction techniques, namely partial least squares (PLS), sliced inverse regression (SIR) principal component (PCA), evaluates the relative performance procedures incorporating those methods. A five-step assessment...

One of the most prominent characteristics multilateral organizations is that they do not “spring forth full blown”; grow. Although this well known, relatively few attempts have been made to explain it at a general level or explore its implications. In paper we show why states desire create organization agreement might be attracted strategy involves admitting potential members sequentially based on their preferences. Such “sequential construction” can generate an unusual kind...

For the problem of robust estimation multivariate location and shape, defining S-estimators using scale transformations a fixed $\rho$ function regardless dimension, as is usually done, leads to perverse outcome: estimators in high dimension can have breakdown point approaching 50%, but still fail reject outliers points that are large distances from main mass points. This form nonrobustness has important practical consequences. In this paper, defined improve on known having all following...

Background and Purpose— Cerebral vasospasm continues to be a major cause of poor outcome in patients with ruptured aneurysms. Prophylactic Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty (pTBA) appeared prevent delayed ischemic neurological deficit pilot study. A phase II multicenter randomized clinical trial was subsequently designed. Methods— One hundred seventy Fisher Grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage were enrolled the Of these, 85 treatment group underwent pTBA within 96 hours after hemorrhage. Main...

Sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii occurs exclusively within enterocytes the definitive felid host. The resulting immature oocysts are excreted into environment during defecation, where in days following, they undergo a complex developmental process. Within each oocyst, this culminates generation two sporocysts, containing 4 sporozoites. A single host is capable shedding millions oocysts, which can survive for years environment, resistant to most methods microbial inactivation...

Stress, both acute and chronic, can impair cutaneous wound repair, which has previously been mechanistically ascribed to stress-induced elevations of cortisol. Here we aimed examine an alternate explanation that the hormone epinephrine directly impairs keratinocyte motility re-epithelialization. Burn wounds are examined as a prototype high-stress, high-epinephrine, environment. Because keratinocytes express beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR), another study objective was determine whether...