Choices are often intertemporal, requiring tradeoff of short-term and long-term outcomes. In such contexts, humans may prefer small rewards delivered immediately to larger after a delay, reflecting temporal discounting (TD) delayed The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) is consistently activated during intertemporal choice, yet its role remains unclear. Here, patients with lesions in the mOFC (mOFC patients), control outside frontal lobe, healthy individuals chose hypothetically between...

Thermosensory signals may contribute to the sense of body ownership, but their role remains highly debated. We test this assumption within framework pathological hypothesising that skin temperature and thermoception differ between right-hemisphere stroke patients with without Disturbed Sensation Ownership (DSO) for contralesional plegic upper limb. Patients DSO exhibit lower basal hand temperatures bilaterally impaired perception cold warm stimuli. Lesion mapping reveals associations in...

Although trust and reciprocity are ubiquitous in social exchange, their neurobiological substrate remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) — a brain region critical for valuing information on individuals' decisions game risk game. In game, one player, investor, is endowed with sum money, which she can keep or invest. The amount decides invest tripled sent other trustee, who then what fraction return investor. separate runs,...

Growing evidence suggests that humans and other animals assign value to a stimulus based not only on its inherent rewarding properties, but also the costs of action required obtain it, such as cost time. Here, we examined whether occurs for mentally simulated actions. Healthy volunteers indicated their subjective snack foods while time imagine performing different stimuli was manipulated. In each trial, picture one food item home position connected through path were displayed computer...

During intertemporal choice, humans tend to prefer small-sooner rewards over larger-delayed rewards, reflecting temporal discounting (TD) of delayed outcomes. Functional neuroimaging evidence has implicated the insular cortex in time-sensitive decisions, yet it is not clear whether activity this brain region crucial for, or merely associated with, TD behaviour. Here, patients with damage insula (Insular patients), control lesions outside insula, and healthy individuals chose between...

Generosity toward others declines across the perceived social distance to them. Here, participants chose between selfish and costly generous options in two conditions: gain frame, a choice yielded other; loss it entailed preventing of previous endowment other. Social discounting was reduced compared implying increased generosity strangers. Using neuroimaging tools, we found that while activity temporoparietal junction (TPJ) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) associated with insular...

Demand theory can be applied to analyze how animal consumers change their selection of commodities in response changes commodity prices, given budget constraints. Previous work has shown that demand elasticities rats differed between uncompensated conditions which the available spent on (e.g., finite number discrete operants “purchase” rewards two-alternative fixed-ratio schedules) was kept constant, and compensated adjusted so could potentially continue obtain original reward bundles. Here,...

Previous studies have shown that delay discounting (DD), the tendency to prefer smaller-immediate larger-delayed rewards, decreases following vivid imagination of future events. Here we test hypothesis imagining complex events alternative direct (perceptual) experience, whether located in future, past, or even present, would reduce DD. Participants (N = 250) imagined (Future condition), remembered past (Past present (Present-imagine reported on current (Present-attend and then made a series...

Growing evidence suggests that the ability to control behavior is enhanced in contexts which errors are more frequent. Here we investigated whether pairing desirable food with could decrease impulsive choice during hypothetical temporal decisions about food. To this end, healthy women performed a Stop-signal task one cue predicted high-error rate, and another low-error rate. Afterwards, measured participants' intertemporal preferences between smaller-immediate larger-delayed amounts of We...

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity (OB) lie on the two ends of broad spectrum extreme weight conditions (EWC). Both disorders entail constant risk to one's body integrity. Importantly, risk-taking is supported by internal signals, perception which typically distorted in EWC. In this study, we sought characterize EWC: (i) risky decision-making contrasting situations people process bodies or neutral objects (ii) relationship between interoceptive ability decision-making. a between-subject...

Postural balance requires the interplay between several physiological signals. Indirect evidence suggests that perception of signals arising from autonomic nervous system might play a role (e.g. cardiac awareness). Here, we tested this hypothesis by investigating relationship postural control and awareness (i.e. interoception) in sample N = 70 healthy individuals. was measured using medical robotic device, while evaluated heartbeat counting task. A within-subject design included two platform...

Decisions between differently timed outcomes are a well-studied topic in as diverse academic disciplines economics, psychology, and behavioral ecology. Humans other animals have been shown to make these intertemporal choices by hyperbolically devaluing rewards function of their delays (“delay discounting”), thus often deemed behave myopically. In ecology, however, assumed meet optimization principles, that is, the maximization energy or reward rate. Thus far, it is unclear how different...

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, ultimately, reduced life expectancy. The capacity refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations which making errors highly likely. protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error...

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) often face important health-related and financial decisions that involve trade-offs between short-term long-term benefits, yet decision making is rarely studied in MS patients. The temporal discounting paradigm a useful tool for investigating such time-dependent choices humans. Here, we investigated whether patients relapsing-remitting differed from healthy controls when hypothetical monetary rewards available at different points time. Participants...

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, ultimately, reduced life expectancy. The capacity refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations which making errors highly likely. protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error...

Despite the widespread use of delay discounting task in clinical and non-clinical contexts, several versions are available literature, making it hard to compare results across studies. Moreover, normative data not evaluate individual performances. The present study aims propose a unified version based on monetary rewards provides values built an Italian sample 357 healthy participants. most used parameters literature assess discount rate were compared find valid index discriminate between...

When deciding what to eat we constantly weigh different aspects of the options at hand and make trade-offs between exploiting opportunities with a known outcome (e.g., eating your usual meal) exploring novel potentially better trying new dish). Environmental factors, such as scarcity, have previously been shown tip balance towards either exploration or exploitation. Studies in animals further linked female steroid hormones (including estradiol progesterone) exploratory behavior. Previous...

Tactile agnosia is the inability to recognize objects via haptic exploration, in absence of an elementary sensory deficit. Traditionally, it has been described as a disturbance extracting information about physical properties ("apperceptive agnosia") or associating object representation with its semantic meaning ("associative agnosia"). However, tactile rare and difficult-to-diagnose condition, due frequent co-occurrence sensorimotor symptoms lack consensus on terminology assessment methods....