This paper develops new indicators of accumulated academic science and tests their explanatory power on productivity data from manufacturing industries. Knowledge is found to be a major contributor growth. Furthermore, lag in effect roughly 20 years between the appearance research community its form knowledge absorbed by an industry. Academic technology filtered through interindustry spillovers exhibit lags 10 30 each. Thus implied search gestation times far exceed developmental periods...

Plasma GSH and GSSG concentrations were examined after the administration of compounds that deplete intracellular either by adduct formation or production oxidative stress. A modified assay based on reductase method was developed minimizes artifactual auto-oxidation to mixed disulfides rapid addition bis(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)disulfide N-ethylmaleimide directly whole blood tissue samples. Control arterial plasma found be 16.5 +/- 0.7 0.3 0.1 microM, respectively. Depletion fasting...

Hepatic glutathione turnover and the efflux of from liver into bile blood were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats vivo. In fed blood, calculated hepatic arteriovenous concentration gradient flow, amounted to 12.4 ± 1.4 nmoles min.gm liver. Together with excretion (3.4 0.4 per liver) total accounted for 15.2 0.9 Fasting animals 48 hr markedly increased 26.4 ±1.2 min-gm Increased rather than intrahepatic catabolism this turnover. The systemic clearance was 3.22 0.51 ml min 100 gm body...

Studies of firm-level data have shown that a firm's RD (2) productivity appears to depend on the intensity parent firm and (3) spillovers research effects from technologically related firms are significant but also R&D rather than total industry R&D. These results suggest that, despite externalities created by R&D, `dilution' across multiple target plants reduces its potency sufficiently may not be source industry-wide or economy-wide increasing returns.

Journal Article Comparative localization of academic and industrial spillovers Get access James D. Adams Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Economic Geography, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1 July 2002, Pages 253–278, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/2.3.253 Published: 01 2002 history Received: 11 May 2001 Accepted: 12 November

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Labiatae, Laminaceae), danshen, is an annual sage mainly found in China and neighboring countries. The crude drug (dried root) its preparations are currently used to treat patients suffering from heart attack, angina pectoris, stroke some other conditions. use of S. has been increasing the management stroke. Pharmacological examinations showed that plant active ingredients, tanshinones salvianolic acids, have anticoagulant, vasodilatory, increased blood flow,...

The in vitro metabolic fate of the anesthetic agent ketamine [(±)2-0-chlorophenyl-2-methylaminocyclohexanone] has been evaluated using microsomal preparations from rat liver. With aid a rapid, nonselective metabolite extraction procedure and sample analysis by combined glass capillary gas chromatography low (and high) resolution mass spectrometry, eight metabolites drug were identified, six which have not reported previously. novel products alicyclic ring hydroxylation N-desmethylketamine...

The purpose of the current study was to investigate aspects improved bioenergetic function using nicotinamide during stroke. Using a global ischemia-reperfusion mouse model, ATP depleted by 50% in brain. use provide large reserve brain NAD+ restored levels 61% control levels. Alternatively, as PARP inhibitor up 72%. However, together with inhibition proved be additive, restoring 85% first critical 5 min reperfusion. and correlated almost exactly. Brain mitochondrial also examined after...

CYP2D6 genotyping (CYP2D6*3, CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*5, CYP2D6*13, CYP2D6*16 alleles and gene duplications) was previously performed on 1053 Caucasian African-American lung cancer cases control individuals no significant difference in allele frequencies between detected. We have carried out additional (CYP2D6*6, CYP2D6*7, CYP2D6*8, CYP2D6*9, CYP2D6*10, CYP2D6*17 alleles) debrisoquine phenotyping subgroups from this study to assess phenotype-genotype relationships. African-Americans showed...

This paper studies the influence of R&D in U.S. federal laboratory system, world's largest, on firm research. Our results are based a sample 220 industrial research laboratories that work with variety and agencies owned by 115 firms chemicals, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles industries. Using an indicator their importance to managers, we find cooperative development agreements (CRADAs) dominate other channels technology transfer from firms. With CRADA industry patent more,...

Lidar and photogrammetry have both been evaluated for detecting shortterm coastal change using the Black Ven mudslide, Dorset as a case study. A lidar‐generated digital elevation model (DEM) was obtained initially compared with DEM generated available 1:7500 scale aerial photography automated photogrammetry. The quality of these two data sets assessed third DEM, derived total station conventional ground survey methods. vertical accuracies (rms error) lidar were 0.26m 0.43m respectively,...

This paper examines the available United States data on academic research and development (R&D) expenditures number of papers published citations to these as possible measures “output” this enterprise. We look at numbers for science engineering a whole, five selected major fields, individual university field level. The in Science Engineering Indicators imply sharply diminishing returns R&D using an measure. These are quite problematic. Using newer set citations, based “expanding”...

Medicines used in pain and chronic are aimed at relieving neuroinflammation. This neuroinflammation can occur the brain, brain stem, dorsal root ganglion other sites. What causes neuroinflammation? Why does this last for years? Are there cures