Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), a popular technique for analyzing magneto- and electro-encephalography (M/EEG) neuroimaging data, quantifies the extent time-course by which neural representations support discrimination of relevant stimuli dimensions. As EEG is widely used infant neuroimaging, time-resolved MVPA data particularly promising tool cognitive neuroscience. has recently been applied to common imaging methods such as fNIRS. In this tutorial, we provide describe...

Access to literacy is critical children's futures, but formal education may be insufficient for fostering early literacy, especially in low-resource contexts. Educational technologies used at home able help, it unclear whether or how children (and families) will use such rural communities, particularly low-literate families. In this paper, we investigate these questions with a voice-based technology deployed families 8 communities Côte d'Ivoire 4 months. We interviews and observations 37...

Abstract Few standardized language assessments are adapted to different cultural and linguistic contexts assess children’s first (L1) abilities. We introduce the Ivorian Children’s Language Assessment Toolkit for measuring phonological awareness, vocabulary, oral comprehension, tone awareness in Abidji, Attié, Baoulé languages of Côte d’Ivoire. Six hundred three primary-school children (age 4–14) completed their L1 French. The toolkit provided a reliable comprehensive assessment observed...

The majority of reading research takes place in high-income ‘Minority World’ countries where children typically begin learning to read early childhood. This research, however, does not reflect the experience many around world who learn later childhood or adolescence. Crucially, life may rely on different cognitive systems. Specifically, procedural learning, which supports sequence and pattern reaches maturity adolescence, while declarative arbitrary mapping form meaning, continues develop...

The MRI environment restricts the types of populations and tasks that can be studied by cognitive neuroscientists (e.g., young infants, face-to-face communication). FNIRS is a neuroimaging modality records same physiological signal as fMRI but without constraints MRI, with better spatial localization than EEG. However, research in fNIRS community largely lacks analytic sophistication analogous work, restricting application this imaging technology. current paper presents method multivariate...

Two sets of items can share the same underlying conceptual structure, while appearing unrelated at a surface level. Humans excel recognizing and using alignments between such structures in many domains cognition, most notably analogical reasoning. Here we show that structural alignment reveals how different people's neural representations word meaning are preserved across languages, patterns brain activation be used to translate words from one language another. Groups Chinese English...

We examined child-, family-, and school-level risk resilience factors associated with school dropout using longitudinal data of fifth-grade students in rural Côte d'Ivoire (N = 1195, Mage 10.75, SDage 1.42). Children who dropped out were older, involved more child labour, had poorer literacy skills, owned fewer books, attended schools learning environments. Cumulative (CR) indices revealed that child-level CR was most strongly (b 0.86, OR 0.42) compared to family- CR; further, children low...

Successful knowledge acquisition requires a cognitive system that is both sensitive to statistical information and able distinguish among multiple structures (i.e., detect pattern shifts form distinct representations). Extensive behavioral evidence has highlighted the importance of cues structural change, demonstrating how, without them, learners fail are biased in favor early experience. Here, we seek neural account mechanism underpinning this primacy effect learning. During fMRI scanning,...

Studies of non-linguistic statistical learning (SL) have often linked performance in SL tasks with differences language outcomes. Most these studies focused on Western and high-income educational contexts, but children worldwide learn radically different systems communities, a second language. In the west African nation Côte d'Ivoire, enter fifth grade (CM-1) widely varying ages literacy skills. Across three iteratively-developed experiments, 157 children, age 8-15 years, rural communities...

Tools from computational neuroscience have facilitated the investigation of neural correlates mental representations. However, access to representational content activations early in life has remained limited. We asked whether patterns activity elicited by complex visual stimuli (animals, human body) could be decoded EEG data gathered 12−15-month-old infants and adult controls. assessed pairwise classification accuracy at each time-point after stimulus onset, for individual adults....

Objectives: Understanding speech in adverse listening environments is challenging for older adults. Individual differences pure tone averages and working memory are known to be critical indicators of noise comprehension. Recent studies have suggested that tracking the envelope cortical oscillations <8 Hz may an important mechanism related comprehension by segmenting into words phrases (delta, 1 4 Hz) or phonemes syllables (theta, 8 Hz). The purpose this study was investigate extent which...

Abstract Statistical learning is a mechanism that does not directly depend on knowledge of language but predicts and literacy outcomes for children adults. Research linking statistical has addressed common educational context in primary schools worldwide: who first learn to read their second (L2). Several studies have linked with childhood Australia, China, Europe, the United States, we preregistered an adaptation Côte d'Ivoire, where students are educated French speak local at home. We...

SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS FACE A DUAL CHALLENGE IN VOCABULARY LEARNING: First, they must learn new names for the 100s of common objects that encounter every day. Second, after some time, discover these do not generalize according to same rules used in their first language. Lexical categories frequently differ between languages (Malt et al., 1999), and successful language learning requires bilinguals just words but patterns labeling objects. In present study, Chinese learners English with...

Purpose Statistical learning (SL) approaches to reading maintain that proficient requires assimilation of the rich statistical regularities in writing system. Reading skills developing first- and second-language readers English have been shown be predicted by individual differences sensitivity mappings from orthography phonology (O-P) semantics (O-S), with good relying more on O-P consistency, less O-S associations. However, SL its relation has primarily studied high-income Western countries.

Abstract We examined the impact of exposure to a signed language (American Sign Language, or ASL) at different ages on neural systems that support spoken phonemic discrimination in deaf individuals with cochlear implants (CIs). Deaf CI users (N = 18, age 18–24 yrs) who were exposed and hearing 18–21 completed task native (English) non-native (Hindi) while undergoing functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Behaviorally, received early versus later life showed better English...

Patterns of object naming often differ between languages, but bilingual speakers develop convergent patterns in their two languages that are distinct from those monolingual each language. This convergence appears to reflect interactions lexical representations for the languages. In this study, we developed a self-organizing connectionist model simulate semantic lexicon and investigate mechanisms underlying convergence. We examined similarity simulated data empirical past research, identified...

This study uses representational similarity-based neural decoding to test whether semantic information elicited by words and pictures is encoded in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. In experiment 1, subjects passively viewed eight audiovisual word picture stimuli for 15 min. Blood oxygen levels were measured using the Hitachi ETG-4000 fNIRS system with a posterior array over occipital lobe left lateral temporal lobe. Each participant's response patterns abstracted...

Recent neuroimaging studies have revealed distinct functional roles of left and right temporal lobe structures in the processing lexical tones Chinese. In present study, we ask whether knowledge a second language (English) modulates this pattern activation perception tonal contrasts. Twenty-four native Chinese speakers were recruited from undergraduate graduate students at Beijing Normal University, China. Participants listened to blocks computationally manipulated /ba/ syllables which...

Abstract Prior research has shown that category search can be similar to one‐item (as measured by the N2pc ERP marker of attentional selection) for highly familiar, smaller categories (e.g., letters and numbers) because finite set items in a grouped into one unit guide search. Other studies have larger, more broadly defined healthy food) also elicit components during search, but amplitude these is typically attenuated. Two experiments investigated whether perceived size familiar impacts...