Summary Reliable estimates of animal density and abundance are essential for effective wildlife conservation management. Camera trapping has proven efficient sampling multiple species, but statistical estimators from camera data species that cannot be individually identified still in development. We extend point‐transect methods estimating to accommodate traps, allowing researchers exploit existing distance theory software designing studies analysing data. tested it by simulation, used...

Sea ice is declining over much of the Arctic. In Hudson Bay melts completely each summer, and advances in break-up have resulted longer ice-free seasons. Consequently, earlier implicated declines body condition, survival, abundance polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) Western (WH) subpopulation. We hypothesised that similar patterns would be evident neighbouring Southern (SH) examined trends 1980–2012 freeze-up dates within entire SH management unit smaller coastal zones. condition for...

Summary 1. Population density is a critical ecological parameter informing effective wildlife management and conservation decisions. Density often estimated by dividing capture–recapture (C–R) estimates of abundance ( ) size the study area, but this relies on assumption geographic closure – situation rarely achieved in studies large carnivores. For geographically open populations overestimated relative to area because animals with only part their home range are available for capture. This...

Managers of American black bears (Ursus americanus) must maintain populations to ensure viability and opportunities for sport harvest, minimize human–bear conflict (HBC). Harvest is a cost-effective management tool in most jurisdictions, intuitively it seems that with fewer bears, there should be conflicts. Therefore, managers may attempt achieve both objectives by manipulating the harvest. Further, because data describing harvest HBC are frequently collected, sometimes infer changes...

The extension of distance sampling methods to accommodate observations from camera traps has recently enhanced the potential remotely monitor multiple species without need additional data collection (sign production and decay rates) or individual identification. However, method requires that proportion time is quantifiable when animals can be detected by cameras. This problematic, for instance, spend above ground, which case most primates. In this study, we aimed validate trap (CTDS)...

Empirical validations of survey methods for estimating animal densities are rare, despite the fact that only an application to a population known density can demonstrate their reliability under field conditions and constraints. Here, we present validation camera trapping in combination with spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) enumerating chimpanzee populations. We used 83 traps sample habituated community western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) territory size Taï National Park,...

The processes leading to genetic isolation influence a population's local extinction risk, and should thus be identified before conservation actions are implemented. Natural or human-induced circumstances can result in historical contemporary barriers gene flow and/or demographic bottlenecks. Distinguishing between these hypotheses achieved by comparing diversity differentiation isolated vs. continuous neighboring populations. In Ontario, American black bears (Ursus americanus) continuously...

As habitat degradation and fragmentation continue to impact wildlife populations around the world, it is critical understand behavioral flexibility of species in these environments. In Uganda, mostly unprotected forest fragment landscape between Budongo Bugoma Forests a potential corridor for chimpanzees, yet little known about status chimpanzee fragments. From 2011 through 2013, we noninvasively collected 865 fecal samples across 633 km2 successfully genotyped 662 (77%) at up 14...

Abstract Effective monitoring methods are needed for assessing the state of biodiversity and detecting population trends. The popularity camera trapping in wildlife surveys continues to increase as they able detect species remote difficult‐to‐access areas. As a result, several statistical estimators abundance unmarked animal populations have been developed, but none widely tested. Even where potential accurate estimation has demonstrated, whether these can yield estimates sufficient...

Climate warming is causing global biodiversity loss, with impacts to ecosystem function. Warming in the Arctic outpaces averages, and projected declines Arctic-sea ice have led predictions of local extirpations for ice-associated species. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) exemplify these challenges as they rely on sea much their life cycle. Further, polar are harvested throughout range, increasing importance robust population monitoring face climate warming. We conducted an aerial...

Abstract Spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models are gaining popularity for estimating densities of mammalian carnivores. They use spatially encounter histories individual animals to estimate a detection probability function described by two parameters: magnitude ( g 0 ), and spatial scale (σ). Carnivores exhibit heterogeneous probabilities home range sizes, exist at low densities, so σ likely vary, but field surveys often yield inadequate data detect model the variation. We...

Research Article| January 01, 1905 Red beds of southwestern Colorado and their correlation* WHITMAN CROSS; CROSS Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar ERNEST HOWE GSA Bulletin (1905) 16 (1): 447–498. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-16-447 Article history first online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Manager Share Icon Twitter LinkedIn Tools Get Permissions Site CROSS, HOWE; correlation. 1905;; doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib...

Abstract: We estimated relative density, survival, and reproduction of American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) from capture‐recapture telemetry data collected 1989 to 1999 in the unhunted Chapleau Crown Game Preserve (CCGP) nearby hunted areas boreal forest Ontario, Canada. tested for combinations effects age class, sex, year, years food shortage, encumbrance status, residency (on or off Preserve) on vital rates. Results live captures, remote bait‐station hit rates indicated that density...

Minimizing conflicts with humans is a necessary component of the management American black bears (Ursus americanus) across most their range. The number complaints about commonly used to infer trends in actual frequency or severity human–bear conflict, and even bear population size. However, received by agencies function both reporting rate for conflicts, may change over time. We tested effects food availability, numbers harvested, regime changes on 3 measures conflict: (1) public complaints,...

Abstract Distance sampling ( DS ) is a widely used framework for estimating animal abundance. models assume that observations of distances to animals are independent. Non‐independent introduce overdispersion, causing model selection criteria such as AIC or c favour overly complex models, with adverse effects on accuracy and precision. We describe, evaluate via simulation real data, estimators an overdispersion factor ), associated adjusted QAIC use overdispersed data. In other contexts,...

Information about how animal abundance varies across landscapes is needed to inform management action but costly and time-consuming obtain; surveys of a single population distributed over large area can take years complete. Surveys employing small, spatially replicated sampling units improve efficiency, statistical estimators rely on assumptions that constrain survey design or become less reasonable as larger areas are sampled. Efficient methods avoid similarity detectability density among...

Abstract Human–wildlife conflict can cause major declines in wildlife populations and pose a threat to human safety livelihoods. Large carnivores are among the most conflict‐prone species because they range widely, eat human‐associated foods, risk safety. Legal harvest of by licensed hunters is an attractive method attempt reduce conflict; however, there mixed evidence for its effectiveness. We leveraged unique management project Ontario, Canada which new spring American black bear ( Ursus...

Among other approaches, camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) is used to estimate animal abundance from unmarked populations. It was formulated for videos and observation distances are measured at predetermined 'snapshot moments'. Surveys recording still images with passive infrared motion sensors suffer frequent periods where animals not photographed, either because of technical delays before the can be triggered again (i.e. 'camera recovery time') or they remain stationary do immediately...

Research Article| January 01, 1906 Glacial phenomena of the San Juan mountains, Colorado* ERNEST HOWE; HOWE Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar WHITMAN CROSS Author and Article Information Publisher: Geological Society America First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print 0016-7606 © GSA Bulletin (1906) 17 (1): 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-17-251 history Cite View This Citation Add to Manager Share Icon Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions...

There is a crucial need to understand the genetic consequences of landscape modifications on continuous populations that could become fragmented, and evaluate degree differentiation isolated were historically part core. Using 15 microsatellite loci, we evaluated structure American black bears ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) across vast, contiguous Ontario (>1 × 10 6 km 2 ) largely represents their pre-European settlement distribution. Because geographic barriers are absent, predicted...

Abstract Populations of many perennial plants intermittently produce large seed crops—a phenomenon referred to as mast seeding or masting. Masting may be a response spatially correlated environmental conditions (the Moran effect), an adaptive reproductive strategy reflecting economies scale, consequence the internal resource budgets individual plants. Fruit production by endozoochorous representing eight genera varied synchronously over much central Ontario, Canada, 1998–2009. We tested for...

Abstract Over the past few decades, use of camera‐traps has revolutionized our ability to monitor populations wild terrestrial mammals. While methods estimate abundance from individually‐identifiable animals are well‐established, they mostly restricted species with clear natural markings or else necessitate invasive and often costly animal tagging campaigns. Estimating density unmarked remains challenging. Several models recently developed deal this issue promising, but not widely used by...

ABSTRACT Habitat loss and anthropogenic mortality are recognized as threats to populations of large carnivores worldwide, yet their relative importance extinction risk has rarely been quantified. We used population viability analysis (PVA) estimate probability an isolated black bears ( Ursus americanus ) on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada under different management scenarios. random‐effects variance components in explained by 4 actions: 1) preventing habitat destruction, 2) reducing or...

Abstract Effective wildlife management requires an understanding of the factors affecting population vital rates. Age at primiparity can be important determinant growth Thus, influencing age in wild populations is for their and conservation. American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) are widely distributed North America show considerable variation across range. We tested hypotheses regarding top‐down bottom‐up drivers province Ontario, Canada. obtained estimates using cementum patterns 1,033...