Green infrastructure can effectively coordinate environmental, social and economic development, has become one of the important strategies to achieve sustainable development. This study used CiteSpace VOSviewer analyze 2194 papers in field green published from 1995 2019 Web Science database using bibliometrics visualization methods. Results demonstrate a substantial increase number studies on recent years, with European American countries leading infrastructure. Landscape Urban Planning,...

Abstract An excessive westward extension of the simulated ENSO-related sea surface temperature (ENSO SST) variability in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models is most apparent ENSO SST pattern bias dominates intermodel spread among models. The lowers models’ skill simulations induces large uncertainty projections. present study investigates origins 25 Based on 50 models, we reveal that this largely depends cold tongue strength equatorial western Pacific (EWP). Models simulating a stronger tend to simulate...

Abstract This study develops a new observational constraint method, called multimodel ensemble pattern regression (EPR), to correct the projections of regional climate change by conventional unweighted mean (MMM). The EPR method first extracts leading modes historical bias using intermodel EOF analysis, then builds up linear correlated between and multivariant regression, finally estimates common induced bias. Along with correcting bias, implicitly removes uncertainty in projection deriving...

Abstract The role of the intermodel spread cloud–radiation feedback in uncertainty tropical Pacific SST warming (TPSW) pattern under global is investigated based on historical and RCP8.5 runs from 32 models participating CMIP5. large discrepancies contribute 24% TPSW over central Pacific. mechanism by which influences revealed an analysis surface heat budget. A relatively weak negative cannot suppress as greatly multimodel ensemble thus induces a warm deviation Pacific, producing low-level...

The emergent constraint approach is a way of using multi-model ensembles to identify the linkage between current/past climate variability and future changes, which has been widely used for narrowing down uncertainty projections change. Climate models latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) show much stronger Arctic warming signal but with larger inter-model spread. In this study, we find that projected made by multi-models in CMIP6 positively correlated simulated global...

Abstract The warm sea surface temperature (SST) bias in the Southern Ocean (SO) has persisted several generations of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) models, yet origins such a remain controversial. Using latest CMIP6 here we find that SST SO features zonally oriented non-uniform pattern mainly located between northern and southern fronts Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This common is not likely to be caused by biases heat flux or strength Atlantic meridional overturning...

Abstract To understand the role of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in polar seasonality and its remote effect on Arctic climate, we use Community Earth System Model to perform Drake Passage (DP) open closed experiments. results illustrate that opened DP, ACC Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strengthen, leading a colder warmer Arctic. Notably, temperature changes both show significant seasonal differences, with largest response during cold seasons. Around Antarctic,...

Abstract In the tropics, atmospheric circulation response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is a crucial part of tropical air–sea interaction—the primary process climate. How it will change under global warming great importance climate change. Here, shown that vertical local SST likely be weakened using 28 selected models from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The weakening closely tied increased stability warming, which increases at same rate as decreases—around 8% for...

Abstract Whether the state-of-the-art CMIP5 models have different El Niño types and how degree of modeled diversity would be impacted by future global warming are still heavily debated. In this study, cluster analysis is used to investigate in 30 models. As method does not rely on any prior knowledge patterns seen observations, it provides a practical way identify Under historical scenario, most show poor their own model world, primarily due lopsided numbers events belonging two weak...

Abstract The 2015 Paris Agreement proposed targets to limit global-mean surface temperature (GMST) rise well below 2°C relative preindustrial level by 2100, requiring a cease in the radiative forcing (RF) increase near future. In response changing RF, deep ocean responds slowly (ocean slow response), contrast fast mixed layer adjustment. role of under low warming is investigated using representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 simulations from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison...

Abstract Temporal and spatial variations in the ocean surface mixed layer are important for climate ecological systems. During 1980–2019, Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) depth (MLD) displays a basin‐wide shoaling trend that is absent other basins within 40°S–40°N. The SIO MLD mostly prominent austral winter with deep climatology MLD, substantially weakening seasonality. Moreover, changes primarily caused by southward shift of subtropical anticyclonic winds hence gyre, associated strengthening...

Abstract This study investigates the mechanism of large intermodel uncertainty in change ENSO’s amplitude under global warming based on 31 CMIP5 models. We find that is significantly correlated to response atmospheric circulation SST anomalies (SSTAs) eastern equatorial Pacific Niño-3 region. effect SSTAs mainly influences during El Niño (EN) phases, but not La Niña (LN) showing pronounced nonlinearity. The relative and present-day are two major contributors spread SSTAs, which latter more...

Abstract This study disentangles the changes in Indian Ocean (IO) dipole (IOD)-related SST and rainfall variability under global warming projected by RCP8.5 runs 29 CMIP5 models. The IOD consist of thermodynamic component due to surface moisture increase dynamic IOD-related circulation. circulation are dominated changes, which were further clarified using amplitude structural decomposition. amplitudes both decreased at rates around 7.2% 13.7% °C−1, respectively. show a pattern with increases...

Abstract Previous studies reveal that the last generation of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) commonly suffer from so-called Indian Ocean dipole (IOD)-like biases, lowering models’ ability in climate prediction and projection. The present study shows such IOD-like biases are reduced insignificantly or even worsen CGCMs phase 5 to 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). origins further investigated by comparing model outputs CMIP Atmospheric (AMIP). CGCMs’ errors divided...

Abstract This study investigates how intermodel differences in large-scale ocean dynamics affect the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) warming (TPSW) pattern under global warming, as projected by 32 models from phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The largest cause TPSW is related to cloud–radiation feedback. After removing effect feedback, authors find that advection play next role, explaining around 14% total variance TPSW. Of particular importance are...

The surface ocean mixed layer (OML) is critical for climate and biological systems. Changes in depth (MLD) of the Indian Ocean under global warming are examined utilizing outputs from 24 models Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) Community Earth System 1.0 with Atmosphere version 5 (CESM1–CAM5). results show that MLD generally decreases low- high-emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (ssp126 ssp585). In ssp126 ssp585, multi-model ensemble-mean OML,...