Recent events in 2023-24 have highlighted the significant threat posed to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio frequency interference (RFI), including jamming and spoofing. Contrary earlier assumptions that sophisticated RFI – previously believed be domain of those with nation-state resources - would not impact civilian operations beyond conflict regions, these recent demonstrated otherwise. For example, GNSS due regional conflicts, such as Ukraine Israel/Gaza, had impacts well...

Due to their weak received signal power, Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are vulnerable radio frequency interference. Adaptive beam and null steering of the gain pattern a GPS antenna array can significantly increase resistance sensors interference jamming. Since adaptive processing requires intensive computational beamsteering receivers were usually implemented using hardware such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). However, software implementation general-purpose processors...

Spoofing attacks are a major threat to civilian GNSS usage given the powerful impact that they have on receiver. Many different anti-spoofing techniques been developed in past years and best practices algorithms combine complimentary generate optimized protection. In this paper we utilize make use of outputs from commercial off shelf receivers. It combines observation power measurements control asymmetries correlation function. The technique’s nominal behavior is assessed using real datasets...

This paper studies the feasibility and means by which authentication can be overlaid upon existing SBAS GBAS designs. It considers how to achieve that is compatible with current augmentation system its users. also perform security necessary support within NAS framework. One important issue secure key distribution presents some options designed reasonable for aviation infrastructure operations. a protocol utilizes operation of aircraft air traffic aid in verification. provides distribute keys...

Adaptive antenna array processing is widely known to provide significant anti-interference capabilities within a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. A main challenge in the quest for such receiver architecture has always been computational/processing requirements. Even more demanding would be try and incorporate flexibility of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) design philosophy an implementation. This paper documents feasible approach real-time SDR implementation beam-steered...

Due to the ever-growing threat of GPS spoofing, it has become necessary for aviation sector develop an effective means detection. This article focuses on two complementary spoofing-detection techniques that are available commercial receivers and thus require no additional hardware operate. The primary methodology detection is using a combination radio power monitoring metrics, levering both automatic gain control C/N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

NAVIGATION is a quarterly journal published by the Institute of Navigation. The publishes original, peer-reviewed articles on all aspects positioning, navigation, and timing. also selected technical notes survey articles, as well papers exceptional quality drawn from Institute’s conference proceedings.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) reports from aircraft have been examined by several groups for their capabilities to identify regions affected radio frequency interference (RFI) [1] [2] [3]. RFI events that happen near airports could cause denial of GNSS based landings and create a severe impact on the safety operation during some vulnerable segments. Therefore, it is important rapidly localize any sources geographical area. Using already existing position ADS-B highly...

With the launch of compass-M1 satellite on 14 April 2007, China is set to become latest entrant into global navigation systems (GNSS). Understanding interoperability and integration Chinese Compass with current GNSS, namely U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), European Galileo, Russian GLONASS, requires knowing understanding its signal structures-specifically pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes code structures. Moreover, knowledge a prerequisite for designing receivers capable acquiring tracking...

Alternative position, navigation, and timing (APNT) systems are needed by aviation to maintain operations for prolonged periods during an absence of Global Positioning System (GPS) service. This is especially important in the future as Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation (NextGen) utilizes GPS efficiently handle anticipated twofold increase air traffic over next 15 years. Thus, APNT system must be able support full capacity airspace. One candidate...

GNSS serves safety-of-life applications in aviation such as precise navigation for approach and landing operations. Interference events happen near airport can severely affect the safe operations of airspace. A recent interference event happened at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (KDFW) on October/2022 caused a widespread disruption. This incident resulted multiple aircraft reporting GPS unreliable within 40NM, closure runway, rerouting air traffic. In this study, we performed...

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference events that occur near airports can cause severe safety issues by denying GNSS based approaches and landings. Current solutions for detection localization (IDL) such as using radio direction finding are generally costly time-consuming. The approach described in this paper uses Automatic Dependent Surveillance—Broadcast (ADS-B) reports IDL applies machine learning algorithms to data. We utilized a standard neural network (NN)...

We describe a practical method to enable advanced RAIM in mega-constellations, where the number of ranging sources and fault rates could be very high (thus rendering standard approaches potentially impractical). The is based on combination branch-and-bound approach Gershrogin circle theorem. evaluate performance ARAIM mega-constellations for that would unfeasible with approaches. find constellations 100 200 satellites may view user, proposed computation finite useful Protection Levels as...

<h3>Abstract</h3> Watermarking signal authentication is a technique in which global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provider cryptographically perturbs the spreading code to allow for limited cryptographic of signal. Several proposals and studies have been presented or are underway augment GNSS signals with this capability. This work reintroduces generalized combinatorial watermarking function that affords flexible pathway prove security receiver observables under certain assumptions. The...

GNSS spoofing poses significant threats to aviation safety by misleading aircraft about their true location, increasing the risk of collision with obstacles or entry into restricted airspaces. The growing reliance on for critical systems makes rapid detection and localization interference events crucial. While ground-based methods are available, they limited line-of-sight (LOS) constraints, making large-scale deployment costly in both time resources. In contrast, airborne receivers, such as...

Reliable radio navigation signals are of extreme importance. Nowadays we rely on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) related technologies for a range uses ranging from agricultural, financial, transportation and military applications. As such, providing existing systems with the tools to combat threat presented by malicious spoofing or jamming attacks is critical. The paper explores properties different sensors available smartphones evaluates their potential detection. By properly...

The use of the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) as a source alternative positioning, navigation, and timing is attractive system has been or soon will be fielded. In this study, wide-area multilateration (WAM) testbed was developed that implements time difference arrival (TDOA) positioning algorithm using 1090 MHz ADS-B Mode S ES signal in Taiwan area. performance TDOA-based WAM influenced by geometric distribution ground stations. Common requirements for terrestrial...

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) uses GNSS and other sensors to provide aircraft positions air traffic controller (ATC) airspace users. This project seeks use ADS-B messages rapidly detect localize interference events allowing for better protection situational awareness operations that rely on being available. first characterizes the effects of known outputs. We then utilize these observed behaviors identify suspected at locations. paper performs this analysis using...

The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is an invaluable tool that heavily used in everyday life across numerous industries. Despite their ubiquitous use, GNSS signals are very vulnerable to both intentional and unintentional forms of radio frequency interference (RFI). This paper supports the development a low-cost RFI monitor can reliably enhance user's spatial awareness with respect state local environment. Multiple jamming experiments conducted using anechoic chamber analyze...