Obesity, typically quantified in terms of Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeding threshold values, is considered a leading cause premature death worldwide. For given body size (BMI), it recognized that risk also affected by shape, particularly as marker abdominal fat deposits. Waist circumference (WC) used indicator supplementary to BMI, but the high correlation WC with BMI makes hard isolate added value WC.We USA population sample 14,105 non-pregnant adults (age ≥ 18) from National Health and...

Abstract. Precipitation events are expected to become substantially more intense under global warming, but few comparisons of observations and climate model simulations available constrain predictions future changes in precipitation extremes. We present a systematic global-scale comparison historical (1901–2010) annual-maximum daily between station (compiled HadEX2) the suite models contributing fifth phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). use both parametric non-parametric...

Observations of the column‐averaged dry molar mixing ratio CO 2 above both Park Falls, Wisconsin and Kitt Peak, Arizona, together with partial columns derived from aircraft profiles over Eurasia North America are used to estimate seasonal integral net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between atmosphere terrestrial biosphere in Northern Hemisphere. We find that NEE is ∼25% larger than predicted by Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. show estimates may have been biased low too weak vertical...

Landslides, floods, and droughts are recurring natural disasters in Nepal related to too much or little water. The summer monsoon contributes more than 80% of annual rainfall, rainfall spatial inter-annual variation is very high. Gandaki River, one the three major rivers tributaries Ganges covers all agro-ecological zones central part Nepal. Time series tests were applied for different River Basin (GRB) trends four seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon winter) from 1981 2012....

Abstract. Global warming is expected to intensify the Earth's hydrological cycle and increase flood drought risks. Changes over 21st century under two scenarios in different percentiles of probability distribution streamflow, particularly high low streamflow extremes (95th 5th percentiles), are analyzed using an ensemble bias-corrected global climate model (GCM) fields fed into models (GHMs) provided by Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP) understand changes...

A Body Shape Index (ABSI) had been derived from a study of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 mortality data to quantify risk associated with abdominal obesity (as indicated by wide waist relative height body mass index). national survey longer follow-up, British Lifestyle (HALS), provides another opportunity assess predictive power for ABSI. HALS also includes repeat observations, allowing estimation implications changes in ABSI.We evaluate...

A Body Shape Index (ABSI) was specifically developed as a transformation of waist circumference (WC), statistically independent BMI to better evaluate the relative contribution WC central obesity and clinical outcomes. Previous studies have found ABSI is associated with total mortality cardiovascular events. However, no study has evaluated joint cardio-metabolic outcomes (high triglycerides, low HDL, high fasting glucose blood pressure). With this aim, we performed retrospective on 6081...

This paper presents temporal and spatial pattern of drought phenomena in central Nepal using standardized precipitation index (SPI) at multiple time scales. The study is based on 32 years monthly data from 40 meteorological stations 1981 to 2012. Results indicate that, while there no distinct trend regional precipitation, interannual variation large. Trend analysis shows that most are characterized by increases both severity frequency stronger for longer Over the period, summer season 2004,...

Body mass index (BMI) can be considered an application of a power law model to express body weight independently height. Based on the same principle, we previously introduced shape (ABSI) independent BMI and Here, develop new hip (HI) whose normalized value is height, BMI, ABSI. Similar HI demonstrates U-shaped relationship mortality in Third National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) population. We further anthropometric risk (ARI) by adding log hazard ratios from separate...

Obesity is known to be related the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The most commonly used anthropometric indicator (body mass index [BMI]) presents several limitations such as lack possibility distinguish adipose tissue distribution. Thus, this study examines suitability a body shape (ABSI) for prediction composition and sarcopenic obesity in obese or overweight T2D subjects.Cross-sectional 199 overweight/obese adults. Anthropometric (BMI, ABSI) (fat [FM], fat-free [FFM], fat...

Radiocarbon levels in annual plants provide a means to map out regional and continental‐scale fossil fuel plumes surface air. We collected corn ( Zea mays ) across North America during the summer of 2004. Plants from mountain regions western showed smallest influence fuel‐derived CO 2 with mean Δ 14 C 66.3‰ ±1.7‰. eastern Ohio‐Maryland region larger 58.8‰ ± 3.9‰ 55.2‰ 2.3‰, respectively, corresponding 2.7 ppm 1.5 4.3 1.0 added relative west. A model–data comparison suggests that surveys...

Precipitation in mountain regions is often highly variable and poorly observed, limiting abilities to manage water resource challenges. Here, we evaluate remote sensing ground station-based gridded precipitation products over Nepal against weather station observations on a monthly timescale. We find that the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B-43 product exhibits little mean bias reasonable skill giving Nepal. Compared observations, TRMM showed an overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency...

Current regional and global climate models generally do not represent groundwater flow between grid cells as a component of the water budget. We estimate magnitude between-cell function cell size by aggregating results from numerical model equilibrium run validated globally. find that over broad range sizes spanning state-of-the-art models, mean magnitudes scale with reciprocal length. also derive this scaling priori simple statistical network. offer operational definitions 'significant'...

Abstract. The pattern of streamflow recession after rain events offers clues about the relationship between watershed runoff (observable as river discharge) and water storage (not directly observable) can help in resource assessment prediction. However, there have been few systematic assessments how varies across flow rates it relates to independent terrestrial storage. We characterized 61 relatively undisturbed small watersheds (1–100 km2) coterminous United States with multiyear records...

Drought is a severe threat, especially in the arid regions of Pakistan, such as Balochistan Province. The aim this study to analyze drought trends using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3-month accumulation timescale. monthly rainfall data 10 stations were collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) for 37 years (1980–2017). analyzed each station Mann-Kendall test. SPI identified extreme events 1996, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2009, and 2014. Barkhan was that most frequently...

Pakistan is among the top ten countries adversely affected by climate change. More specifically, there concern that change may cause longer and severer spells of droughts. To quantify in characteristics droughts over years, we have evaluated spatio-temporal trends period 1902–2015 using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Additionally, Spatial “K” luster Analysis Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method was employed to regionalize into five contiguous zones. The run theory...

Abstract Most studies of irrigation as an anthropogenic climate forcing focus on its cooling effects. However, also increases humidity, and so may not ameliorate humid heat extremes. We analyzed global model results over hot locations seasons at high temporal resolution to estimate the impact extremes, quantified different percentiles wet-bulb temperature ( <?CDATA $T_\mathrm{w}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>...

Low growth rates of atmospheric CO 2 were observed following the 1991 Pinatubo (Luzon) volcanic eruption. One hypothesis for this anomaly is that since diffuse light more efficiently used by forests than direct light, increase in fraction sunlight due to scattering sulfur aerosol years eruption substantially increased forest net primary production (NPP). However, other observations suggest a decrease northern NPP because cooler conditions Here we global database dated tree ring widths (which...

The advent of meteorological satellites during the 1970s made possible observation seasonally shifting patterns global precipitation. It was not until recently, however, that record could be considered long enough to investigate longer‐term trends and relationship between precipitation warming. Using data from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) instrument, Wentz et al. [2007] reported mean increased at a rate 7.4±2.6% per °C 1987 2006. Meanwhile, general circulation models (GCMs) used...

Abstract. Hourly Satellite Precipitation Estimates (SPEs) may be the only available source of information for operational hydrologic and flash flood prediction due to spatial limitations radar gauge products. SPEs are prone larger systematic errors more uncertainty sources in comparison with ground based precipitation The present work develops an approach seamlessly blend satellite, products fill gaps ground-based data. To mix different rainfall products, bias any relative each other should...

Nepal has an extreme altitudinal range from 60–8850 m with heterogeneous topography and distinct climatic zones. The country is considered a biodiversity hotspot, nearly quarter of the land area located in protected areas. surrounding Himalayan region are particularly vulnerable to climate change because their abrupt ecological transitions. Tens millions people rely on region’s ecosystem services, observed modeled warming trends predict increased extremes Himalayas. To study impacts inform...