A5073563738- Climate variability and models
- Climate change impacts on agriculture
- Education Systems and Policy
- Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- School Choice and Performance
- Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Climate change and permafrost
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
- Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing
- Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Diverse Educational Innovations Studies
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Agricultural risk and resilience
- Cryospheric studies and observations
- Organic Food and Agriculture
- Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Higher Education Research Studies
- Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
- Tree-ring climate responses
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
2016-2025
Columbia University
2016-2025
Earth Island Institute
2024
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
2024
Oregon State University
2024
Climate Central
2022
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2020
Princeton University
2003-2006
Abt Global (United States)
1990-1994
Abstract We present a description of the ModelE2 version Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM) and configurations used in simulations performed Coupled Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). use six variations related to treatment atmospheric composition, calculation aerosol indirect effects, ocean model component. Specifically, we test difference between models that have noninteractive where radiatively important aerosols ozone are prescribed from...
This paper describes the GISS-E2.1 contribution to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). model version differs from predecessor (GISS-E2) chiefly due parameterization improvements atmospheric and ocean components, while keeping resolution same. skill when compared modern era climatologies is significantly higher than in previous versions. Additionally, updates forcings have a material impact on results. In particular, there been specific representations of modes variability...
Abstract The soil moisture state simulated by a land surface model is highly model-dependent quantity, meaning that the direct transfer of one model’s into another can lead to fundamental, and potentially detrimental, inconsistency. This first illustrated with two recent examples, from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) involving seasonal precipitation forecasting realm ecological modeling. issue then further addressed through quantitative analysis contents produced as part...
The world food crisis in 2008 highlighted the susceptibility of global system to price shocks. Here we use annual staple production and trade data from 1992–2009 analyse changing properties system. Over 18 year study period, show that is relatively homogeneous (85% countries have low or marginal self-sufficiency) increases complexity, with number wheat rice connections doubling flows increasing by 42 90%, respectively. increased connectivity within these networks suggest vulnerable systemic...
Various studies have documented the effects of modern‐day irrigation on regional and global climate, but none, to date, considered time‐varying impact steadily increasing rates climate during 20th century. We investigate impacts observed changes over this century with two ensemble simulations using an atmosphere general circulation model. Both ensembles are forced transient forcings sea surface temperatures from 1902 2000; one includes specified by a data set water withdrawals. Early in...
Abstract. The Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison Project (LS3MIP) is designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of land surface, snow soil moisture feedbacks on climate variability change, diagnose systematic biases in the modules current Earth system models (ESMs). solid liquid water stored at surface has large influence regional climate, its predictability, including effects energy, carbon cycles. Notably, affect radiation flux partitioning properties, storage...
Global food security is threatened by the effects of COVID-19 on international agricultural supply chains and locusts destroying crops livelihoods in Horn Africa South Asia. We quantify possible impacts global supplies prices wheat, rice maize. show that local production declines have moderate supply-but trade restrictions precautionary purchases a few key actors could create price spikes severe shortages.
Although extreme weather events recur periodically everywhere, the impacts of their simultaneous occurrence on crop yields are globally unknown. In this study, we estimate combined hot and dry extremes as well cold wet maize, rice, soybean, wheat using gridded data reported yield at global scale for 1980-2009. Our results show that co-occurring extremely have consistent negative effects all inspected types. Extremely conditions were observed to reduce too, although a lesser extent being more...
Abstract Observations of climate change during the CMIP5 extended historical period (1850–2012) are compared to trends simulated by six versions NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2 Earth System Model. The models constructed from three atmospheric general circulation model, distinguished their treatment composition and aerosol indirect effect, combined with two ocean models, HYCOM Russell. Forcings that perturb model described. Five‐member ensemble averages each simulate surface...
Ensuring food security requires production and distribution systems function throughout disruptions. Understanding the factors that contribute to global system's ability respond adapt such disruptions (i.e. resilience) is critical for understanding long-term sustainability of human populations. Variable impacts shocks on supply between countries indicate a need national-scale resilience indicators can provide comparisons. However, methods tracking changes in have had limited application...
Abstract We examine the anthropogenically forced climate response for 21st century representative concentration pathway (RCP) emission scenarios and their extensions period 2101–2500. The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of NASA Goddard Institute Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions atmospheric composition components: noninteractive (NINT) prescribed tuned aerosol indirect effect (AIE), TCAD fully interactive...
Abstract School vouchers are the most contentious form of parental school choice. Vouchers provide government funds that parents can use to send their children private schools Here we examine empirical question whether or not a voucher program in W ashington, DC , affected achievement rate high graduation for participating students. The D istrict C olumbia O pportunity S cholarship P rogram ( OSP ) has operated nation's capital since 2004, funded by federal appropriation. Because was...
Abstract Simulations of the CMIP6 historical period 1850–2014, characterized by emergence anthropogenic climate drivers like greenhouse gases, are presented for different configurations NASA Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS) Earth System ModelE2.1. The GISS‐E2.1 ensembles more sensitive to gas forcing than their CMIP5 predecessors (GISS‐E2) but warm less during recent decades due a reduction that is attributed greater longwave opacity in pre‐industrial simulations. This results an...
While a growing proportion of global food consumption is obtained through international trade, there an ongoing debate on whether this increased reliance trade benefits or hinders security, and specifically, the ability systems to absorb shocks due local regional losses production. This paper introduces model that simulates short-term response supply shock originating in single country, which partly absorbed decreases domestic reserves consumption, transmitted adjustment flows. By applying...
Abstract The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) peaked strongly during the boreal winter 2015–2016, leading to food insecurity in many parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Besides ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) North Atlantic (NAO) are known impact crop yields worldwide. Here we assess for first time a unified framework relationships between IOD NAO simulated productivity at sub-country scale. Our findings reveal that 1961–2010, is significantly influenced by least one large-scale...
A limited nuclear war between India and Pakistan could ignite fires large enough to emit more than 5 Tg of soot into the stratosphere. Climate model simulations have shown severe resulting climate perturbations with declines in global mean temperature by 1.8 °C precipitation 8%, for at least y. Here we evaluate impacts food system. Six harmonized state-of-the-art crop models show that caloric production from maize, wheat, rice, soybean falls 13 (±1)%, 11 (±8)%, 3 (±5)%, 17 (±2)% over Total...
Achieving international food security requires improved understanding of how trade networks connect countries around the world through import-export flows commodities. The properties are still poorly documented, especially from a multi-network perspective. In particular, nothing is known about multi-network's community structure. Here we find that individual crop-specific layers have densely connected trading groups, consistent characteristic over period 2001–2011. Further, characterized by...
Abstract This paper presents the response to anthropogenic forcing in GISS‐E2.1 climate models for 21st century Shared Socioeconomic Pathways emission scenarios within Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The experiments were performed using an updated and improved version of NASA Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes two different versions atmospheric composition: A non‐interactive (NINT) with prescribed composition a tuned...
The purpose of this article is to explore how migration theory invoked in empirical studies climate-related migration, and provide suggestions for engagement with the emerging field climate mobility. Theory critical understanding processes we observe social-ecological systems because it points a specific locus attention research, shapes research questions, guides quantitative model development, influences what researchers find, ultimately informs policies programs. Research into mobility has...
Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes, by Michael J. Puma, Nancy Karweit, Cristofer Price, Anne Ricciuti, William Thompson, & Vaden-Kiernan. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates, 1997. 96 pp. (Available free from the Planning and Evaluation Service, U.S. Department of Education, 600 Independence Avenue., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20202-8240). Reviewed Phyllis McClure, Independent Consultant, D.C.. In 1988 Hawkins-Stafford Amendments that reauthorized Chapter 1 (now known as Title I), Congress...