A5014139611- Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Climate variability and models
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Astro and Planetary Science
- Isotope Analysis in Ecology
- Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Planetary Science and Exploration
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Organometallic Complex Synthesis and Catalysis
- Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
- Potato Plant Research
- Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Magnetism in coordination complexes
- Metal complexes synthesis and properties
The University of Tokyo
2015-2024
Nagasaki University
2019-2024
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
2018
University of Hong Kong
2018
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
1983-2015
Columbia University
2002-2015
Earth Island Institute
2005-2015
Kyushu University
2014
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
2013
Kitasato University
1986-2009
[1] We update the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis of global surface temperature change, compare alternative analyses, and address questions about perception reality warming. Satellite-observed night lights are used to identify measurement stations located in extreme darkness adjust trends urban periurban nonclimatic factors, verifying that effects on analyzed change small. Because GISS combines available sea records with meteorological station measurements, we test...
We examine the sensitivity of a climate model to wide range radiative forcings, including changes solar irradiance, atmospheric CO 2 , O 3 CFCs, clouds, aerosols, surface albedo, and “ghost” forcing introduced at arbitrary heights, latitudes, longitudes, seasons, times day. show that, in general, response, specifically global mean temperature change, is sensitive altitude, latitude, nature forcing; that is, response given can vary by 50% or more depending upon characteristics other than its...
We use a global climate model to compare the effectiveness of many forcing agents for producing change. find substantial range in “efficacy” different forcings, where efficacy is temperature response per unit relative CO 2 forcing. Anthropogenic CH 4 has ∼110%, which increases ∼145% when its indirect effects on stratospheric H O and tropospheric 3 are included, yielding an effective ∼0.8 W/m period 1750–2000 making largest anthropogenic other than . Black carbon (BC) aerosols from biomass...
We describe the current GISS analysis of surface temperature change for period 1880–1999 based primarily on meteorological station measurements. The global in 1998 was warmest instrumental data. rate higher past 25 years than at any previous time warmth too large and pervasive to be fully accounted by recent El Nino. Despite cooling first half 1999, we suggest that mean temperature, averaged over 2–3 years, has moved a level, analogous increase occurred late 1970s. Warming United States 50...
We compare the United States and global surface air temperature changes of past century using current Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) record [ Karl et al. , 1990]. Changes in GISS subsequent to documentation by Hansen al . [1999] are as follows: (1) incorporation corrections time‐of‐observation bias station history adjustments based on Easterling [1996a], (2) reclassification rural, small‐town, urban stations States, southern...
Abstract. Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the Sun than it radiating to space as heat, even during recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary imbalance, 0.58 ± 0.15 W m−2 6-yr period 2005–2010, confirms dominant role human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and gain together constrain net forcing mixing rates. We conclude most models mix too efficiently into deep a result...
Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well "alternative" scenario Hansen Sato (2004). Identification "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming more than 1°C above level in 2000 has may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, peak forcing ~1.5 W/m2 2100,...
Abstract Understanding the cooling effect of recent volcanoes is particular interest in context post‐2000 slowing rate global warming. Satellite observations aerosol optical depth above 15 km have demonstrated that small‐magnitude volcanic eruptions substantially perturb incoming solar radiation. Here we use lidar, Aerosol Robotic Network, and balloon‐borne to provide evidence currently available satellite databases neglect substantial amounts between tropopause at middle high latitudes...
We define the radiative forcings used in climate simulations with SI2000 version of Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global model. These include temporal variations well‐mixed greenhouse gases, stratospheric aerosols, solar irradiance, ozone, water vapor, and tropospheric aerosols. Our illustrations focus on period 1951–2050, but we make full data sets available those which have earlier data. illustrate response to these model specified sea surface temperature a simple Q ‐flux...
Anthropogenic emissions of fine black carbon (BC) particles, the principal light‐absorbing atmospheric aerosol, have varied during past century in response to changes fossil‐fuel utilization, technology developments, and emission controls. We estimate historical trends BC six regions that represent about two‐thirds present day extrapolate these global from 1875 onward. Qualitative features show rapid increase latter part 1800s, leveling off first half 1900s, re‐acceleration 50 years as China...
We investigate the roles of climate forcings and chaos (unforced variability) in change via ensembles simulations which we add one by one. The experiments suggest that most interannual variability period 1979–1996 at middle high latitudes is chaotic. But observed SST anomalies, themselves are partly forced chaotic, account for much low a small portion latitudes. Both natural radiative forcing (volcanic aerosols) an anthropogenic (ozone depletion) leave clear signatures simulated identified...
Abstract We examine the anthropogenically forced climate response for 21st century representative concentration pathway (RCP) emission scenarios and their extensions period 2101–2500. The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of NASA Goddard Institute Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions atmospheric composition components: noninteractive (NINT) prescribed tuned aerosol indirect effect (AIE), TCAD fully interactive...
Global surface air temperature has increased about 0.5°C from the minimum of mid‐1992, a year after Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Both land‐based record and land‐marine index place meteorological 1995 at approximately same level as 1990, previously warmest in period instrumental data. As El Niño warming was small 1995, solar cycle near minimum, ozone depletion levels, observed high supports contention an underlying global trend. The pattern Northern Hemisphere change recent decades appears to...
Observed climate change is consistent with radiative forcings on several time–scales for which the dominant are known, ranging from few years after a large volcanic eruption to glacial–to–interglacial changes. In period most detailed data, 1979 present, observations contain clear signatures of both natural and anthropogenic forcings. But in full since industrial revolution began, global warming only about half that expected due principal forcing, increasing greenhouse gases. The direct...
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 have been implicated for the virus-induced expression of interferon-α β (type I IFN) genes. However, recent gene disruption studies in mice suggested presence other factor(s) interacting with overlapping promoter elements. In present paper, we describe characterization a DNA binding which is strongly induced after virus infection recognizes these After extensive purification, was revealed to be identical IFN-stimulated 3 (ISGF3), transcription...
Observations of Titan's whole disk polarization at 2460 and 7500 Å are presented analyzed in terms model scattering atmospheres. If the Titan aerosols spherical or nearly spherical, no single combination refractive index size distribution is able to fit data both wavelengths. However, a vertically inhomogeneous suggested by Tomasko Smith (1980), characterized gradient with altitude, fits 2640 moderately well but must be modified intermediate large optical depths 7500‐Å data. Results for...
On August 25, 1981, the Voyager 2 photopolarimeter system observed a stellar occultation by Saturn's rings. We present brief description of this experiment along with details data reduction. The results are given in tabular and graphical form at resolution 60 km. Histograms frequency optical depth show dominantly unimodal distributions each classical ring elements. distribution entire shows three modes τ ≈ 0.08, 0.5, ≳ 2.50.
Abstract. There is evidence of ice melt, sea level rise to +5–9 m, and extreme storms in the prior interglacial period that was less than 1 °C warmer today. Human-made climate forcing stronger more rapid paleo forcings, but much can be learned by combining insights from paleoclimate, modeling, on-going observations. We argue sheets contact with ocean are vulnerable non-linear disintegration response warming, we posit sheet mass loss approximated a doubling time up at least several meters....
Abstract The import of nitrogen via dinitrogen fixation supports primary production, particularly in the oligotrophic ocean; however, to what extent influences and role specific types diazotrophs, remains poorly understood. We examined relationship between production together with diazotroph community structure western eastern South Pacific Ocean found that was higher than nitrate‐based new production. Primary increased middle subtropical region, where cyanobacterium Trichodesmium dominated...
Abstract. Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the sun than it radiating to space as heat, even during recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary imbalance, 0.59 ± 0.15 W m−2 6-year period 2005–2010, confirms dominant role human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and gain together constrain net forcing mixing rates. We conclude most models mix too efficiently into deep a result...
The western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is a region of low nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations in which new production generally considered to be supported by upward fluxes nitrate from the deep water. A 19 d observation nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation activity diazotroph abundance along with primary assimilation rate was made at fixed station WPWP. N activities accounted for less than half first 9 d, then rapidly increased association southward current inflow after day 10 exceeded on 13. During...