A5072454734- Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Climate variability and models
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Planetary Science and Exploration
- Astro and Planetary Science
- Calibration and Measurement Techniques
- Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
- Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics
- Radiative Heat Transfer Studies
- Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
- Aeolian processes and effects
- Space Exploration and Technology
- Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Scientific Research and Discoveries
- Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Global Energy and Sustainability Research
- Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation
- Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
2014-2024
Goddard Space Flight Center
1981-2014
Columbia University
2000-2007
Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies (United States)
2003-2005
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2005
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1977-2003
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2003
Planetary Science Institute
1976
Harvard University
1976
University of Iowa
1966-1971
We use a global climate model to compare the effectiveness of many forcing agents for producing change. find substantial range in “efficacy” different forcings, where efficacy is temperature response per unit relative CO 2 forcing. Anthropogenic CH 4 has ∼110%, which increases ∼145% when its indirect effects on stratospheric H O and tropospheric 3 are included, yielding an effective ∼0.8 W/m period 1750–2000 making largest anthropogenic other than . Black carbon (BC) aerosols from biomass...
A method is described for rapidly computing the amount of solar energy absorbed at earth's surface and in atmosphere as a function altitude. The parametric treatment, but form solution coefficients involved are based on accurate multiple-scattering computations. In this treatment absorption varies with type clouds, humidity, zenith angle sun, albedo surface. Within stratosphere also depends vertical distribution ozone. This parameterization radiation being used current versions global...
We continue reconstructing Earth's radiation budget from global observations in as much detail possible to allow diagnosis of the effects cloud (and surface and other atmospheric constituents) variations on it. This new study was undertaken reduce most noticeable systematic errors our previous results (flux data set calculated mainly using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project–C1 input (ISCCP‐FC)) by exploiting availability a more advanced NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies...
A global atmospheric model is developed with a computational efficiency which allows long-range climate experiments. The solves the simultaneous equations for conservation of mass, energy and momentum, equation state on grid. Differencing schemes dynamics are based work Arakawa; do not need any viscosity numerical stability, can thus yield good results coarse resolution. Radiation computed semi-implicit spectral integration, including all significant gases, aerosols cloud particles. Cloud...
A common view is that the current global warming rate will continue or accelerate. But we argue rapid in recent decades has been driven mainly by non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as chlorofluorocarbons, CH 4 , and N O, not products of fossil fuel burning, CO aerosols, positive negative climate forcings which are partially offsetting. The growth GHGs declined past decade. If sources O 3 precursors were reduced future, change forcing next 50 years could be near zero. Combined with a...
The global temperature rose by 0.2 degrees C between the middle 1960's and 1980, yielding a warming of 0.4 in past century. This increase is consistent with calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations volcanic aerosols possibly solar luminosity appear be primary causes observed fluctuations about mean trend increasing temperature. It shown that anthropogenic dioxide should emerge from noise level natural climate variability end century, there...
We describe a radiative transfer method for treating nongray gaseous absorption and thermal emission in vertically inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. derive probability density distributions of coefficient strength from line‐by‐line calculations to construct band model based k distributions. The monotonic ordering strengths these implicitly preserves the monochromatic structure atmosphere at different pressure levels, thus simulating spectral integration fraction computing cost....
We use a three‐dimensional climate model, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) model II with 8° by 10° horizontal resolution, to simulate global effects of time‐dependent variations atmospheric trace gases and aerosols. Horizontal heat transport ocean is fixed at values estimated today's climate, uptake perturbations beneath mixed layer approximated as vertical diffusion. make 100‐year control run perform experiments three scenarios composition. These begin in 1958 include measured...
The need to understand differences among general circulation model projections of CO 2 ‐induced climatic change has motivated the present study, which provides an intercomparison and interpretation climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric models. This uses sea surface temperature as a surrogate for change. cloud‐climate interactions is given special attention. A roughly threefold variation one measure global sensitivity found important conclusion that most this attributable models'...
Our climate model, driven mainly by increasing human-made greenhouse gases and aerosols, among other forcings, calculates that Earth is now absorbing 0.85 +/- 0.15 watts per square meter more energy from the Sun than it emitting to space. This imbalance confirmed precise measurements of ocean heat content over past 10 years. Implications include (i) expectation additional global warming about 0.6 degrees C without further change atmospheric composition; (ii) confirmation system's lag in...
The radiative parameters of mineral aerosols are strongly dependent on particle size. Therefore explicit modeling size distribution is needed to calculate the effects and climate impact dust. We describe a parameterization global aerosol in transport model using eight classes between 0.1 10 μm. prescribes initial soil texture data measurements close ground. During transport, changes as larger particles settle out faster than smaller particles. Results Mie scattering calculations (extinction...
We describe a simple method for evaluating the radiative forcing of surface temperature caused by changes in vertical distribution ozone. The employs parameterization based on one‐dimensional radiative‐convective equilibrium calculations; these calculations predict that should warm response to both decreases ozone above 30 km and increases below km. is used investigate observed at northern mid‐latitudes. show trends, taken face value, suggest cooling mid‐latitudes during 1970s equal...
A global survey of cloud particle size variations can provide crucial constraints on how processes determine liquid water contents and their variation with temperature, further, may indicate the magnitude aerosol effects clouds. method, based a complete radiative transfer model for AVHRR-measured radiances, is described retrieving radii in clouds from satellite data currently available International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. Results sensitivity tests validation studies error...
This paper describes the GISS-E2.1 contribution to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). model version differs from predecessor (GISS-E2) chiefly due parameterization improvements atmospheric and ocean components, while keeping resolution same. skill when compared modern era climatologies is significantly higher than in previous versions. Additionally, updates forcings have a material impact on results. In particular, there been specific representations of modes variability...
Ample physical evidence shows that carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is the single most important climate-relevant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. This because CO(2), like ozone, N(2)O, CH(4), and chlorofluorocarbons, does not condense precipitate from atmosphere at current climate temperatures, whereas water vapor can does. Noncondensing gases, which account for 25% of total terrestrial effect, thus serve to provide stable temperature structure sustains levels atmospheric clouds via feedback...
Nitrous oxide, methane, ammonia, and a number of other trace constituents in the earth's atmosphere have infrared absorption bands spectral region 7 to 14 microm contribute atmospheric greenhouse effect. The concentrations these gases may undergo substantial changes because man's activities. Extensive use chemical fertilizers combustion fossil fuels perturb nitrogen cycle, leading increases N(2)O, same perturbing processes increase amounts CH(4) NH(3). We one-dimensional radiative-convective...
We use the GISS global climate model to make a preliminary estimate of Mount Pinatubo's impact. Assuming aerosol optical depth is nearly twice as great for 1982 El Chichon eruption, forecasts dramatic but temporary break in recent warming trends. The simulations indicate that Pinatubo occurred too late year prevent 1991 from becoming one warmest years instrumental records, intense cooling predicted begin and maximize 1992. sufficiently large by mid 1992 it should even overwhelm associated...
Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well "alternative" scenario Hansen Sato (2004). Identification "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming more than 1°C above level in 2000 has may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, peak forcing ~1.5 W/m2 2100,...
Due to their extensive spatial coverage, satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) observations have been widely used estimate and predict surface PM2.5 concentrations. While most previous studies focused on establishing relationships between collocated, hourly or daily AOD measurements, in this study, we instead focus the comparison of large-scale temporal variability using monthly mean measurements. A newly developed spectral analysis technique – Combined Maximum Covariance Analysis (CMCA) is...