Abstract Studies have indicated that North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability can significantly modulate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there has been little effort to put extratropical–tropical interactions into the context of historical events. To quantify role in pacing timing and magnitude observed ENSO, we use a fully coupled climate model produce an ensemble Ocean–Global Atmosphere (nPOGA) SST pacemaker simulations. In nPOGA, anomalies are restored back...

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC)‐permitting general circulation model simulations are performed with spherical geometry and uniform thermal forcing, including sea surface temperature (SST) insolation. The dependence of the TC number intensity on SST is examined in a series varied SST. results compared to corresponding doubly periodic f ‐plane geometry, rotating radiative convective equilibrium. turbulent equilibria have an inhomogenous distribution TCs density increasing from low high...

Abstract Rotating radiative–convective equilibrium is studied by extracting the column physics of a mesoscale-resolution global atmospheric model that simulates realistic hurricane frequency statistics and then coupling it to rotating hydrostatic dynamics in doubly periodic domains. The parameter study helps understanding tropical cyclones simulated also provides reference point for analogous studies with cloud-resolving models. authors first examine sensitivity achieved large square domain...

Abstract Lakes are critical natural resources that vulnerable to climate change. In a warmer climate, lake evaporation is projected increase globally, but with substantial variation between regions. Here, based on ensemble projections of and models an attribution method, we show future strongly modulated by regional hydroclimate Specifically, drying will amplify enlarging surface vapor pressure deficit reducing cloud shortwave reflection. Future amplified in tropical America, the...

Abstract Relative humidity (RH) is projected to increase over ocean but decrease land under anthropogenic warming. The RH was previously attributed influences on changes. Here, we show that interactive soil moisture (SM) necessary and may be sufficient for warming reduce the RH. absent in simulations with realistic land‐ocean geometry fixed SM, present SM no oceans or changes precipitation minus evaporation. coupled decline latter could understood as a natural response of Specifically, prior...

Abstract Local correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall is weak or even negative in summer over the Indo–western Pacific warm pool, a fact often taken as indicative of ocean feedback on atmosphere. An Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulation forced by monthly varying SSTs derived from parallel coupled general circulation model (CGCM) run used to evaluate AMIP skills simulating interannual variability rainfall. CGCM simulations direct metric skill....

Abstract This study synthesizes the observed trends and projected changes in Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs). Under future warming, seasonal ITCZs are to shift equatorward, widen, weaken. The equatorward‐shifted cause a squeeze of annual‐mean zonal‐mean tropical ascent. Over 1979–2014, however, have shifted poleward South Pacific generally narrowed strengthened. largely opposite squeeze. Such contrasting ITCZ attributed distinct warming patterns. Specifically, equatorial has cooled...

Abstract The sensitivity of urban canopy air temperature ( <?CDATA ${T_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) to anthropogenic heat flux ${Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> is known vary with space and time, but the key factors controlling such spatiotemporal variabilities remain elusive. To quantify contributions...

Abstract Tropical precipitation in climate models presents significant biases both the large-scale pattern (i.e., double intertropical convergence zone bias) and local-scale characteristics drizzling bias with too frequent drizzle/convection reduced occurrences of no heavy precipitation). By untangling coupled system analyzing precipitation, cloud, radiation, this study shows that atmospheric can lead to double-ITCZ by inducing convective-regime-dependent cloud radiative effects (CRE). The...

Abstract While a large latitudinal displacement of the westerly jet brings about disproportionate socioeconomic impacts over Northern Hemisphere midlatitude continents, it is not well understood as to whether winter circulation will become wavier or less in response climate change. Here, using observations and ensembles models, we show that changes atmospheric waviness can be estimated from optimal structures for circulation, which are obtained an advection‐diffusion model. Thus, structure...

Abstract Global climate models (GCMs) have long suffered from biases of excessive tropical precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The severity double‐Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bias, defined here as interhemispheric difference zonal mean precipitation, varies strongly among Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble. Models with a more severe double‐ITCZ bias feature warmer sea surface temperature (SST) SH, coupled weaker southeast trades. While...

Abstract A hierarchy of idealized monsoons with increased degrees complexity is built using an intermediate model simplified physics and land–sea geometry. This monsoon helps formulate a basic understanding about the distribution surface equivalent potential temperature θ e , which proves to provide general guide on rainfall. The zonally uniform in simplest aquaplanet simulations explained by linearized meridional driven seasonally varying solar insolation damped both overturning circulation...

Abstract The tropical tropospheric temperature is close to but typically cooler than that of the moist adiabat. negative deviation from adiabat manifests a C-shape profile and projected increase stretch upward under warming in both comprehensive climate models idealized radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations. increased corresponds larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) warming. extreme updraft velocity RCE increases correspondingly at smaller fractional rate CAPE. A...

Abstract This study investigates the response of Great Plains low‐level jet (GPLLJ) to global warming based on ensemble projections Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6. We show that GPLLJ will intensify extend northward in spring autumn but change marginally summer. is governed by seasonally dependent pattern changes North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH), are further linked poleward shift America westerly (NAWJ). In autumn, a substantial NAWJ drives anomalous surface NASH...

Abstract This study investigates the responses of hydroclimate and extremes in U.S. Midwest to global warming, based on ensemble projections phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project multimodel initial-condition large-ensemble simulations. The precipitation response features a seasonally dependent change with increased April–May but reduced July–August. late-spring wetting is attributed enhanced low-level moisture-transporting southerlies, which are induced by regional sea level pressure...

Abstract A distinct feature of the atmospheric circulation response to increasing greenhouse gas forcing is poleward shift zonal-mean westerly jet. The dynamical mechanisms jet have been extensively studied in literature. At seasonal/regional scales, however, jets can equatorward, such as early-summer Asia–Pacific region, late-winter America–Atlantic and winter/spring east Pacific. These equatorward shifts imply climate impacts from those shifts, yet their causes are not well understood....

Abstract Tropical cyclones are studied under the idealized framework of rotating radiative–convective equilibrium, achieved in a large doubly periodic f plane by coupling column physics global atmospheric model to hydrostatic dynamics. Unlike previous studies that prescribe uniform sea surface temperature (SST) over domain, SSTs now predicted atmosphere simple slab ocean model. With coupling, eyewall region tropical (TCs) become cooler than environment. However, domain still fills up with...