Large-scale marine heatwaves in the Northeast Pacific (NEP), identified here and previously as 'warm blobs', have devastating impacts on regional ecosystems. An anomalous atmospheric ridge over NEP is known to be crucial for maintaining these warm blobs, also causing abnormally cold temperatures North America during season. Previous studies linked this teleconnections from tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. However, it was unclear whether extratropics could contribute ridge. Here we...

This paper aims to comprehensively explore the performance and influencing factors of constructed wetland–microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) system when treating brine with different concentrations. The main objective is determine how salinity levels affect operation treatment efficiency CW-MFC system. research results show that Bruguiera gymnorrhiza exhibits strong salt tolerance can be used as a wetland plant for closed-circuit planted plants has best performance, chemical oxygen demand (COD)...

Abstract Studies have indicated that North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability can significantly modulate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there has been little effort to put extratropical–tropical interactions into the context of historical events. To quantify role in pacing timing and magnitude observed ENSO, we use a fully coupled climate model produce an ensemble Ocean–Global Atmosphere (nPOGA) SST pacemaker simulations. In nPOGA, anomalies are restored back...

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading mode of sea surface temperature (SST) variability over North (north 20°N). Its South counterpart (south 20°S) (SPDO). effects tropical eastern (TEP) SST forcing and internal atmospheric are investigated for both PDO SPDO using a 10-member ensemble pacemaker experiment. Each member forced by historical radiative observed anomalies in TEP region. Outside region, ocean atmosphere fully coupled freely evolve. TEP-forced (54% variance) (46%...

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) exert devastating impacts on ecosystems and have been revealed to increase in their incidence, duration, intensity response greenhouse warming. The biologically productive eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) are generally regarded as thermal refugia for marine species due buffering effects of ocean However, using an ensemble state-of-the-art high-resolution global climate simulations under a high carbon emission scenario, here we show that the MHW...

Abstract This study found that the relationship between Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has recovered since 2001, strength is closely related to summer tropical Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly, with TIO warming (cooling) indicating a stronger (weaker) relationship. Under same Niño/La Niña scenario, different signs of anomaly indicate distinct atmospheric circulation anomalies over Ocean, thus affecting ISMR–ENSO The principally...

Abstract The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) substantially affect global climate system. Model studies suggested a fast interaction between the IPO AMV through atmospheric teleconnections, but observations exhibit weak IPO–AMV contemporaneous correlation. To address this paradox, we apply linear inverse model (LIM) in to decode interaction. We reveal that cancel effect of lowers observed When only retaining one‐way modulation (the forces or...

Variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the north tropical Atlantic (NTA) exerts a substantial impact on hurricane activity. Referred to as NTA mode, its positive phase features warm SST anomalies, conducive increased intensity and frequency North hurricanes. The period 2023-2024 saw two consecutive events, featuring broad anomaly pattern 2024 following 2023/24 strong El Niño, but localized coastal region off northwest Africa 2023 La Niña. Whether there exists...

Abstract The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is the leading empirical mode of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in North Pacific, exhibiting a horseshoe-shaped pattern. PDO can be driven by tropical El Niño-Southern (ENSO), associated with its eastern (EP) type as traditionally thought. However, recent studies suggested that also induced central (CP)-type ENSO. Which ENSO flavor dominates forcing remains unraveled. To robustly address this question, we use multiple observational...

Eutrophication challenges aquatic ecosystems, with wetland plants serving as sustainable sources of in situ remediation for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal. The limited understanding seasonal nutrient dynamics hinders management development. This review classifies by growth patterns: spring–summer (SSPs), spring–summer–autumn (SSAPs), all-year-round (APs). SSPs exhibit peak N/P spring–summer, SSAPs sustain high levels autumn, while APs maintain stable contents through cold-tolerant...

Abstract Warm blobs are persistent warm anomalies in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) upper ocean. Here, we assess role of mixed layer depth (MLD) their location and development based on ocean‐atmosphere reanalysis data. We find that occur more frequently over 165°–130°W 35°–50°N with shallow MLD. They largely confined to layer, although substantial portions exist beneath it summer when MLD shoals. Based a mixed‐layer heat budget analysis, reveal anomalous flux contribute dominantly surface term...

Abstract The Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) impacts tropical sea surface temperature variations, which in turn affect the PMM through excited atmospheric teleconnections. Previous studies linked this loop to Pacific‐excited North Oscillation (NPO; second empirical mode of level pressure variability), while a recent study proposed linkage Aleutian low (AL) variability (the first mode). Unraveling their relative importance for is thus crucial better understanding subtropical‐tropical...

Abstract Tropical Atlantic (TA) SST variability can impact the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Here, we find that interannual EASM–TA relationship exhibits an evident interdecadal variation modulated by Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The is strong during positive phase of IPO (pIPO) but weak negative (nIPO). pIPO (nIPO)-related warm (cold) anomalies in central tropical (CTP) intensify (weaken) convection over CTP. Therefore, a Matsuno–Gill response TA-induced CTP change (weak)...

Abstract Investigating Pacific Meridional Modes (PMM) without the influence of tropical variability is technically difficult if based on observations or fully coupled model simulations due to their overlapping spatial structures. To confront this issue, present study investigates both North (NPMM) and South PMM (SPMM) in terms associated atmospheric forcing response processes a mechanically decoupled climate simulation. In experiment, climatological wind stress prescribed over Pacific, which...

Abstract Using 51 models of the AMIP and historical experiments CMIP6, we investigate inter‐model diversity atmospheric coupled in strength Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR)–El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship. In models, Walker Circulation (WC) intensity associated with western Pacific convective activity is most responsible for diversity. Models strong WC have a ISMR–ENSO relationship via enhancing ENSO‐induced anomalies monsoon circulation. The secondary source...

Abstract Sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Pacific (NP) has broad impacts on climate, ecology, and fishing, but its decadal prediction remains challenging. Some studies have highlighted importance of tropical forcing NP SST variability, while others suggested a non-negligible role Atlantic forcing. The contribution each region to needs be carefully evaluated. Here, we apply linear inverse models (LIMs) assess skill observed (based predictions averaged over 2–5 6–9 years...

Abstract The Interdecadal Pacific Variability (IPV) has global climate effects but its decadal prediction is a challenge. Here, we use linear inverse models to study the optimal growth of IPV and reveal important precursor patterns. We find that exists in observations due interference among various sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Small SST anomalies extending from northeastern subtropical central tropical Pacific, concert with thermocline dynamics, can develop into mature phase...

Abstract The Pacific meridional modes (PMMs) are the leading ocean–atmosphere coupled in subtropical northeastern (NPMM) and southeastern (SPMM) Pacific, respectively, have been suggested to be key precursors equatorial variability. Previous studies pointed out that both NPMM- SPMM-related sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies primarily driven by net heat flux variations during their equatorward evolution. However, whether oceanic advective processes would play a role evolution remains...

Abstract A strong coherence of the summer (June–August) surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies exists over eastern Eurasia (EE) and central (CE) in association with a remarkable intraseasonal (10–90-day) variability. The SAT shows negative correlation between EE CE, which is closely related to an wave train at upper troposphere mid–high latitudes Eurasia. propagates eastward results variation seesaw pattern. column-integrated budget suggests that both horizontal vertical advection are...