Abstract Optical microscopy is a powerful tool for understanding the fundamentals of microscopic world. However, centuries its resolving ability remained limited by optical diffraction limit. Super‐resolution fluorescence (SRFM) has been introduced to break limit and significantly expand fields in which can be applied. Unfortunately, SRFM contributes little towards axial resolution enhancement, rendering observation three‐dimensional structures biological tissues difficult; this may yield...

Tumor progression in breast cancer is significantly influenced by its interaction with the surrounding stromal tissue. Specifically, composition, orientation, and alignment of collagen fibers tumor-adjacent stroma affect tumor growth metastasis. Most work done on measuring this prognostic marker has involved imaging using second-harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM), which provides label-free specificity. Here, we show that spatial light interference (SLIM), a quantitative phase technique,...

Studying the coherence of an optical field is typically compartmentalized with respect to its different degrees freedom (DoFs) -- spatial, temporal, and polarization. Although this traditional approach succeeds when DoFs are uncoupled, it fails at capturing key features field's if DOFs indeed correlated a situation that arises often. By viewing as `resource' can be shared among DoFs, becomes possible convert entropy associated fluctuations in one DoF another initially fluctuation-free. Here,...

We present the results of polarimetric analysis collagen on varying pathologies breast tissues using second-harmonic patterned polarization-analyzed reflection confocal (SPPARC) microscopy. Experiments are conducted a tissue microarray having benign (BT), malignant invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), and stroma adjacent to (called tissue, or BAT). Stroma in BAT ILC exhibit largest parameter differences. observe that stromal readings show lower depolarization, diattenuation higher linear...

We present the first experimental demonstration of two-photon Mueller matrix second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy for extraction representative matrices. Individual SHG images porcine sample sets are divided into subimages, and local nonlinear matrices (M(2)) degree polarization (p) determined. Results from different types effects thickness on mean p distribution per basis investigated. find that shape changes an associated bimodal difference (μd) increases with thickness. Our...

We introduce the second-harmonic patterned polarization-analyzed reflection confocal (SPPARC) microscope—a multimodal imaging platform that integrates Mueller matrix polarimetry with and generation (SHG) microscopy. SPPARC microscopy provides label-free three-dimensional (3-D), SHG-patterned images lend themselves to spatially dependent, linear polarimetric analysis for extraction of rich polarization information based on calculus. To demonstrate its capabilities, we use analyze both porcine...

The entropy associated with an optical field quantifies the fluctuations and thus its coherence. Any binary degree-of-freedom (DoF) - such as polarization or at a pair of points in space can each carry up to one bit entropy. We demonstrate here that be reversibly swapped between different DoFs, coherence is converted back forth them without loss energy. Specifically, starting spatially coherent but unpolarized carrying entropy, we unitarily convert from spatial DoF produce incoherent...

The diagnostic capability of high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) may be enhanced by using extended depth-of-field (EDOF) imaging that retains high transverse resolution over long depths. A recently developed mirror-tunnel probe design (single-mode fiber to multimode lens structure) generates coaxially focused modes has been previously shown enable EDOF for endoscopic OCT applications. Here, we present ray-tracing modeling this configuration, which the potential guide...

By introducing a fourfold taxonomy of vector fields based on their coherency-matrix rank, we demonstrate surprising phenomena, like the intrinsic non-separability rank-3 which limits entropy-exchange between polarization at different points.

Quantitative assessment of collagen-based porcine samples is performed using two-photon Mueller matrix analysis second-harmonic generation (SHG) images. A depolarization parameter evaluated as a function sample type and thickness.

Ergonomics and ease of visualization play a major role in the effectiveness endodontic therapy. Using only commercial off-the-shelf components, we present pulpascope—a prototype compact, handheld, wireless dental instrument for pulp cavity imaging. This addresses current limitations occupational injuries, size, cost that exist with microscopes used root canal procedures. Utilizing 15,000 coherent, imaging fiber bundle along an integrated illumination source CMOS sensor, demonstrate images...

Breast cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, being the most common type of among women according to World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO has further stressed importance an early determination disease course through prognostic markers. Recent studies have shown that alignment collagen fibers in tumor adjacent stroma correlate with poorer outcomes patients. Such typically been carried out using Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy. SHG images are very useful for...

Polarization analysis of images obtained by combining confocal microscopy with a second-harmonic mask permits traditional polarimetric metrics to be adapted collagen imaging. This approach applies any nonlinear scattering imaging technique.

By treating coherence as a shareable resource between multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs), we experimentally demonstrate reversible exchange polarization and spatial DoFs using only unitary transformations.

We demonstrate here that entropy, or random fluctuations, in an optical degree of freedom (DoF) can be reversibly swapped between different DoFs, such coherence is converted back and forth them without loss energy.

We present results from optimizing mirror-tunnel based optical coherence tomography probes, achieving extended depth of field at high resolution. achieved 6 µm spot diameter over 1 mm in simulations and validated experimentally.