5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) is widely used as an AMP-kinase activator, which regulates energy homeostasis and response to metabolic stress. Here, we investigated the effect of AICAR, AMPK on proliferation various cancer cells observed that all examined cell lines was significantly inhibited by AICAR treatment due arrest in S-phase accompanied with increased expression p21, p27, p53 proteins inhibition PI3K-Akt pathway. Inhibition vitro growth mirrored vivo...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is tightly regulated by the cellular AMP:ATP ratio and plays a central role in regulation of energy homeostasis metabolic stress. A pharmacological activator AMPK, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) inducible nitric oxide synthase primary rat astrocytes, microglia, peritoneal macrophages. AICAR attenuates...

Abstract Free radicals and inflammatory mediators are involved in transient focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Preadministration of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) has been found to attenuate the ischemia‐reperfusion injury a rat model experimental stroke. This study was undertaken investigate neuroprotective potential NAC administered after ischemic events FCI induced for 30 min by occluding middle artery (MCA). (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at time reperfusion followed another dose 6 hr later. Animals...

The present study underlines the importance of reactive oxygen species in cytokine-mediated degradation sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide. Treatment rat primary astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-1β led marked alteration cellular redox (decrease intracellular GSH) and rapid SM Interestingly, pretreatment N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant efficient thiol source for glutathione, prevented cytokine-induced decrease GSH ceramide, whereas treatment diamide, a...

Abstract Background Obesity is one of the principal causative factors involved in development metabolic syndrome. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) an energy sensor that regulates cellular metabolism. The role adipocyte differentiation not completely understood, therefore, we examined effect 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator on 3T3L1 cells and mouse D iet i nduced o besity (DIO) model. Methods To examine AICAR model, were...

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of preventable death and serious morbidity in young adults. This complex pathological condition characterized by significant blood barrier (BBB) leakage that stems from cerebral ischemia, inflammation, redox imbalances the traumatic penumbra injured brain. Once trauma has occurred, combating these exacerbations keystone an effective TBI therapy. Following other injuries, nitric oxide modulators such as S-nitrosoglutathione...

Chitosan from squid (Loligo formosana) pens were prepared and characterized. First, ultrasonication condition was optimized for deproteinization of using central composite design (CCD) response surface methodology (RSM). Squid ultrasonicated at amplitude 69% 41.46 min the solid/solvent ratio 1:18 yielded 34% (w/w) chitin with lowest remaining protein. Therefore, effectively reduced extraction time production as compared to traditional method (5 hr). When resultant subjected deacetylation...

Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable and nontoxic natural polymer extensively employed in food biomedical industries pertaining to its excellent bioactivities biocompatibility.Superior gelling characteristic of CS, due polycationic nature, achieved the presence anionic substances.The ionic gelation method with aid mechanized stirring or ultrasound has been popularly used produce CS nanoparticles (CSNPs) various sizes (84-600 nm) encapsulation efficiency 23-97%.In addition, other techniques,...

Chitooligosaccharide (COS)-polyphenol (PPN) conjugates prepared using different PPNs, including gallic, caffeic, and ferulic acids, epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, at various concentrations were characterized via UV-visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR spectra tested for antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial activities. Grafting of PPNs with COS was achieved. The highest conjugation efficiency noticed COS-catechin (COS-CAT), which identified to have the total phenolic content (TPC) out all (p <...

Effects of ultrasonication at different amplitudes (40% and 60%) time (5, 10, 15 min) on the physicochemical emulsifying properties fish myofibrillar protein (FMP) were investigated. Solubility, surface hydrophobicity, augmented when FMP was subjected to 40% amplitude for min (p<0.05). Protein pattern study revealed that augmenting duration ultrasound treatment reduced band intensity myosin heavy chain. Ultrasound facilitated adsorption oil droplets as indicated by increases in both adsorbed...

Abstract Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the dominant form of brain injury in premature infants, is characterized by diffuse white matter and associated with cerebral palsy (CP). Maternal placental infections are major causes prematurity identifiable etiology PVL CP. Here we have evaluated therapeutic efficacy N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant precursor glutathione, to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced hypomyelination developing rat brain, an animal model PVL....

Abstract The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins are newly identified immunomodulators. In vivo treatment of SJL/J mice with lovastatin reduced the duration and clinical severity active passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Lovastatin induced expression GATA3 phosphorylation STAT6, whereas it inhibited tyrosine Janus kinase 2, STAT4. Inhibition kinase-STAT4 pathway by modulated T0 to Th1...

Preservation of endothelial functions with low-dose nitric oxide (NO) and inhibition excessive production NO from inducible synthase (iNOS) is a potential therapeutic approach for acute stroke. Based on this hypothesis, an modulator, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was used, which provided neuroprotection in rat model focal cerebral ischemia. Administration GSNO after the onset ischemia reduced infarction improved blood flow. To understand mechanism protection, involvement inflammation ischemic...

Abstract Mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS and induction of inflammatory cytokines iNOS in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) have been implicated subsequent disease pathogenesis progression. We report that Lovastatin treatment blocks clinical spinal cords MBP induced EAE rats. A significant number infiltrating cells were ED1+ monocyte/macrophage lineage. To understand mechanism efficacy against EAE, we examined effect on...

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is a Th1-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease the CNS. AMP-activated protein kinase was reported recently to have anti-inflammatory activities by negatively regulating NF-κB signaling. In this study, we investigated prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), in active passive EAE induced immunization with PLP139–151 or MOG35–55...

Abstract Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), such as 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), have been proposed a new class of anti-inflammatory compounds because 15d-PGJ2 was able to inhibit the induction inflammatory response genes inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and TNF (TNF-α) in PPAR-dependent manner various cell types. In primary astrocytes, effects (inhibition TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS gene expression) are observed be independent PPARγ. Overexpression (wild-type...