This paper presents a wearable inertial sensor network and its associated activity recognition algorithm for accurately recognizing human daily sport activities. The proposed is composed of two sensing devices, which comprise microcontroller, triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope, an RF wireless transmission module, power supply circuit. algorithm, consisting procedures motion signal acquisition, preprocessing, dynamic detection, normalization, feature extraction, reduction, recognition, has...

This paper aims to improve the full speed sensorless drive for permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines on region of initial zero and medium speed. At low speed, saliency-based using square-wave voltage injection has demonstrated comparable performance sensor-based encoder with hundreds pulses per revolution. For PM at state, magnet polarity is typically identified based before drive. Instead injection, this directly adds detection capability in by superimposing same voltage. A fast period...

This paper presents a wearable inertial measurement system and its associated spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm to obtain quantitative measurements explore clinical indicators from the patterns for patients with stroke or Parkinson's disease. The is composed of microcontroller, triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope, an RF wireless transmission module. algorithm, consisting procedures signal acquisition, preprocessing, phase detection, ankle range motion estimation, has been developed...

This paper aims to develop a multisensor data fusion technology-based smart home system by integrating wearable intelligent technology, artificial intelligence, and sensor technology. We have developed the following three systems create an environment: (1) motion sensing device be placed on residents' wrists its corresponding 3D gesture recognition algorithm implement convenient automated household appliance control system; (2) mounted resident's feet indoor positioning realize effective...

This paper proposes a permanent-magnet (PM) machine position-sensorless drive for high speed (> 10-kr/min) applications. A discrete-time back electromotive force (EMF) voltage estimation method is developed to overcome several high-speed position sensing issues, including the error due digital-to-analog conversion, inductive cross-coupling, and deviation between estimated EMF actual resulting from digital implementation. To these problems, an observer-based proposed with three implementation...

This paper presents a saliency-based position sensorless drive of permanent-magnet (PM) machines using single current sensor for cost-effective applications. For the system, dc-link is measured reconstruction three-phase currents. The phase can only be realized when active voltages are applied. limitation results in six immeasurable areas pulsewidth modulation. In order to implement drive, square-wave voltage injected minimize harmonics reconstructed saliency rotor estimation. By injecting...

This paper proposes an alternative position estimation method of surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines at low speed using high frequency (HF) voltage injection. SPM traditionally do not have enough spatial saliency signals because their symmetric rotors. The proposed solution is to track the HF eddy-current-reflected asymmetric resistance for estimation. It shown that variation can be enhanced when superimposed. Finite element analysis performed investigate in different machines. By...

Systemic sclerosis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects multiple organ systems, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver, often leads to fatal complications. Adrenocortical adenoma, benign tumor, can secrete hormones such as cortisol, resulting in symptoms hypertension, diabetes, obesity, although it also be asymptomatic. This article presents case of patient with systemic adrenocortical detailing diagnostic therapeutic journey before after laparoscopic adrenal tumor resection. It...

This paper proposes an improved method for the estimation of position, velocity, and disturbance torque in a surface permanent-magnet (SPM) machine self-sensing (position sensorless) drive that uses high-frequency (HF) voltage injection. SPM machines traditionally do not have enough position-dependent signals because their symmetric rotors result near-zero spatial saliency. A separate observer saliency-tracking with speed-varying bandwidth (BW) tuning are used together to improve rejection...

This paper presents injection-based self-sensing (position sensorless) control methods for surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines with concentrated windings (CWs) and distributed (DWs). Two position-dependent spatial saliency signals are compared. The two relate to resistance variation due high-frequency eddy current losses inductance stator tooth saturation. Finite-element analysis is performed investigate the properties of in different SPM machines. Implementation methods, as well...

Elimination of externally mounted position sensors and their associated cables is a goal for drive manufacturers. This paper addresses design methods surface-permanent-magnet (SPM) synchronous machines saliency-tracking self-sensing (position sensorless) estimation. Machine spatial saliency created by stator magnetic saturation due to the rotor zigzag leakage flux from SPMs. Using machine can allow an SPM be suitable estimation without need any special modification. In addition, another...

This paper proposes a stator winding fault detection for interior permanent-magnet (PM) machines based on the pulsating-type voltage injection. By superimposing pulsating d-axis with respect to rotor-referred synchronous frame, measurable reflected signals occur in injection induced current ripples. Comparing prior diagnostic techniques, proposed method is immune rotor saliency because harmonic decoupled once exactly injected d-axis. It results improved performance PM (IPM) as well other...

Although it is widely known that the saliency-based position-sensorless drive able to achieve closed-loop control at zero and low speed, there little literature addressing consideration on selection of injection voltage frequency. This paper evaluates square-wave different frequencies for design an interior permanent-magnet (PM) machine sensorless drive. It shown more flux saturation high-frequency (HF) d-axis inductance occurs than q-axis due magnetic relaxation. The HF saliency ratio...

Conventional permanent magnet (PM) machine open-phase fault detection relies on the estimation of current harmonics using available phase sensors. Because magnitudes harmonic are proportional to load condition, it is still a challenge detect at light when fault-induced too small estimate. This paper investigates specifically for conditions under low magnitudes. Both in dq currents and neutral point (NP) voltage analyzed find suited signal detection. By adding sensor measure NP PM machine,...

This article improves the sensorless brushless dc (BLdc) motor drives using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) with current sensing. Comparing to conventional BLdc pulsewidth (PWM), PAM result in better drive efficiency especially at low speed. However due six-step commutation, additional position detection issues are resultant for operation. They consist of voltage spike speed and commutation delay high In this article, these improved based on proposed continuous estimation. At speed,...

This paper presents injection-based self-sensing (position sensorless) control methods for surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines with highly symmetric rotors. Two suitable position-dependent spatial saliency signals are compared. The two relate to inductance variation due stator tooth saturation and resistance high frequency (HF) eddy current losses. Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed investigate the properties of in different SPM machines. Implementation as well advantages...

This paper develops an inertial-sensing-based wearable human activity classification system and its associated algorithm for accurately recognizing daily activity. The proposed used two inertial sensing modules, which are worn on subjects' wrist ankle, to collect motion signals of activities, utilized the nonparametric weighted feature extraction (NWFE) reduce dimensions improve rate simultaneously. First, we integrated a microcontroller, triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope, RF wireless...

This paper improves the position sensorless drive by sensing actual machine phase voltages. A high-bandwidth voltage measurement is developed for pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverters. On basis, obtained based on digital integration of PWM using capture modulator in existing microcontrollers (MCU's). Comparing to measurement, no separated A/D converter and communication hardware are required because pulses directly measured MCUs. However, standard machines without neutral points, only...

This paper proposes a torque ripple reduction for brushless DC (BLDC) permanent magnetic (PM) motor drive based on the DC-link voltage pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). The proposed method improves drawback BLDC drives at low speed. have better inverter efficiency and requires position sensing resolution. However, both freewheeling current during diode conduction discontinuous phase cause high ripples. In this paper, front-end converter is added to improve Although integration of has been...

This paper proposes a novel torque measurement and control technique for cycling-assisted electric bikes (E-bikes) considering various external load conditions. For assisted E-bikes, the electromagnetic from permanent magnet (PM) motor can be controlled to reduce pedaling generated by human rider. However, overall cycling is affected loads, including cyclist's weight, wind resistance, rolling road slope. With knowledge of these adaptively riding In this paper, key E-bike parameters are...

In conventional position sensorless permanent magnet (PM) machine drives, the rotor is obtained from phase-locked loop (PLL) with regulation of spatial signal in estimated back electromotive force (EMF) voltages. Due to sinusoidal distribution back-EMF voltages, a small-signal approximation assumed PLL order estimate position. That is, almost equal actual per sample instant. However, at high speed when ratio sampling frequency, fsample, over operating fe, low, this might not be valid during...

This paper proposes a stator turn-to-turn fault detection for inverter-fed electric machines using the voltage difference between two neutral points (NP's). By designing machine Y-connected windings with secondary NP, NP's appears once turn occurs. Because this signal is induced by independent windings, only reflected resultant. It leads to an important improvement on of since NP voltages immune influence saliency and flux saturation. In addition, load speed affect level frequency, but not...

Conventional machine stator open-phase fault detection methods rely on the of current harmonics from sensing phase currents. Because magnitudes are proportional to load condition, it is a challenge for at light condition when fault-induced too small detect. This paper proposes an improved permanent magnet (PM) machines based use neutral point (NP) in Y-connected windings. It shown that first-order voltage harmonic resultant once occurs. Comparing with prior measurement, using NP insensitive...