Since 1998, notifiable bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1-4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16 have been reported in Europe. In August 2006, a (BT) outbreak caused by BTV serotype 8 began northwestern The Netherlands was declared BT-free February 2012, annual monitoring continued. On September 3, 2023, typical BT clinical manifestations sheep were notified to the Food Product Safety Consumer Authority. we confirmed infection through laboratory diagnosis; notifications of signs cattle also reported. We...

In mid September 2008, clinical signs of bluetongue (particularly coronitis) were observed in cows on three different farms eastern Netherlands (Luttenberg, Heeten, and Barchem), two which had been vaccinated with an inactivated BTV-8 vaccine (during May-June 2008). Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection was also detected a fourth farm (Oldenzaal) the same area while testing for export. BTV RNA subsequently identified by real time RT-PCR targeting genome-segment (Seg-) 10, blood samples from each...

Infectious RNA was transcribed for the first time from a full-length cDNA template of plus-strand genome pestivirus. The C strain, which is vaccine strain classical swine fever virus, sequenced and used to synthesize template. sequence found be 12,311 nucleotides in length contained one large open reading frame encoding polyprotein 3,898 amino acids. Although there were mostly only small differences between published sequences strains Alfort Brescia, notable insertion 13 nucleotides,...

Envelope glycoprotein E1 (gp51 to gp54) is the most antigenic protein of hog cholera virus or classical swine fever (CSFV). Four domains, A D, have been mapped on with a panel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against CSFV strain Brescia. The boundaries these domains established by extensive studies binding MAbs transiently expressed deletion mutants (P. A. van Rijn, E. J. de Meijer, H. G. P. Gennip, and R. M. Moormann, Gen. Virol. 74:2053-2060, 1993). In this study, we used neutralizing...

Infection of cells with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is mediated by the interaction envelope glycoprotein E(rns) and E2 cell surface. In this report we studied role surface glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), chondroitin sulfates A, B, C (CS-A, -B, -C), heparan sulfate (HS) in initial binding CSFV strain Brescia to cells. Removal HS from kidney (SK6) heparinase I treatment almost completely abolished infection these that was extensively passaged before it cloned (clone C1.1.1). C1.1.1 inhibited...

Abstract Since 1998, WOAH-notifiable bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16 have been reported in Europe. In mid-August, 2006, a BTV-8 outbreak started Northwestern The Netherlands was declared BT-free again February 2012 annual monitoring demonstrated BT-freedom up to 2023. On September 3 rd 2023, clinical manifestations sheep typical for BT were notified the Dutch Food Product Safety Consumer Authority. Laboratory diagnosis confirmed BTV-infection on 6 first...

Functional disruption of dendritic cells (DCs) is an important strategy for viral pathogens to evade host defences. Monocytotropic viruses such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) could employ a mechanism, since the can suppress immune responses and induce apoptosis without infecting lymphocytes. Here, CSFV was shown infect efficiently replicate in monocyte- bone marrow-derived DCs. Interestingly, infected DCs displayed neither modulated MHC nor CD80/86 expression. Stimulation with...

An SK6 cell line (SK6c26) which constitutively expressed the glycoprotein E(rns) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was used to rescue CSFV deletion mutants based on infectious copy strain C. The biochemical properties from this were indistinguishable those E(rns). Two constructed, Flc23 and Flc22. Virus encoded only utmost N- C-terminal amino acids (deletion 215 acids) retain original protease cleavage sites. Flc22 is not recognized by a panel antibodies, due 66 in could be rescued vitro...

Four antigenic domains (A, B, C and D) on envelope glycoprotein E1 (gp51-54) of hog cholera virus strain Brescia have been specified by using 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize non-conserved conserved epitopes. It was shown the epitopes map to N-terminal half analysis chimeric proteins strains C. Conserved epitopes, however, could not be mapped this approach. Here we describe mapping both use an extensive set single double deletion mutants Brescia. Deletion were transiently...

ABSTRACT Passage of native classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in cultured kidney cells (SK6 cells) selects variants that attach to the surface by interaction with membrane-associated heparan sulfate (HS). A Ser-to-Arg change C terminus envelope glycoprotein E rns (amino acid 476 open reading frame CSFV) is responsible for selection these HS-binding (M. M. Hulst, H. G. P. van Gennip, and R. J. Moormann, Virol. 74:9553–9561, 2000). In this investigation we studied role binding CSFV HS vivo....

In this rapid communication, a novel atypical bluetongue virus (BTV) strain detected in goats the Piedmont region (north-western Italy) is described. This strain, BTV-Z ITA2017, most related Seg-2/VP-2 (83.8% nt/82.7% aa) to TOV of BTV-25. Reactive antisera positive by cELISA for BTV antibodies failed neutralize chimeric expressing outermost protein TOV. Infected animals displayed low levels RNAemia and absence clinical signs consistent with infection, scenario described infected strains.

Bluetongue is a disease in ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and spread Culicoides biting midges. outbreaks cause huge economic losses death sheep several parts of world. The most effective measure to control BTV vaccination. However, both commercially available vaccines recently developed vaccine candidates have shortcomings. Therefore, we generated tested next-generation for based on backbone laboratory-adapted strain BTV-1, avirulent BTV-6 or virulent BTV-8. All were...

Two related classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strain Brescia clones were isolated from blood samples an infected pig. Virus C1.1.1 is a cell-adapted avirulent variant, whereas CoBrB virulent variant. Sequence analysis revealed 29 nucleic acid mutations in C1.1.1, resulting 9 amino substitutions compared to the sequence of (476)R. Using reverse genetics, parts genomes these viruses, which contain differences that lead changes, exchanged. Animal experiments with chimeric viruses derived and...

Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV)-serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, and 16 have invaded European countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In 2006, a huge BT-outbreak started after incursion of BTV-serotype 8 (BTV8) in North-Western Europe. More recently, BTV6 BTV11 were reported Europe 2008. These latter strains are closely related to live-attenuated vaccine, whereas BTV8 is virulent can induce severe disease ruminants, including cattle. addition, Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected 2008 Swiss...

Orbiviruses form the largest genus of family Reoviridae consisting at least 23 different virus species. One these is bluetongue (BTV) and causes severe hemorrhagic disease in ruminants, transmitted by bites Culicoides midges. BTV a non-enveloped which released from infected cells cell lysis and/or unique budding process induced nonstructural protein NS3/NS3a encoded genome segment 10 (Seg-10). Presence both NS3 NS3a highly conserved borne orbiviruses suggesting an essential role replication....

Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV)-serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, and 16 have invaded European countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In 2006, a huge BT outbreak started after incursion of BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) in North-Western Europe. IN 2008, BTV6 BTV11 were reported Netherlands Germany, Belgium, respectively. addition, Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected 2008 Swiss goats, which recognized as new (BTV25). The (re-)emergency serotypes needs rapid response to supply effective vaccines. Reverse...

ABSTRACT African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a species in the genus Orbivirus of family Reoviridae . There are nine serotypes AHSV showing different levels cross neutralization. transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes (AHS) equids, with mortality rate up to 95% naive horses. AHS has become serious threat for countries outside Africa, since endemic moderate climates appear be competent vectors related bluetongue (BTV). To control AHS, live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) used Africa....