This paper interprets private label marketing as a retailer instrument for overcoming the double‐marginalization problem inherent in distribution of well‐known manufacturer brands. Retailers with some degree market power carry substitutes popular national brands order to capture more profit from vertical structures they share brand manufacturers. The net effect is improve performance channels. After presenting formal model and deriving analytical results, gathers empirical evidence that...

Abba Lerner's paper in the Review of Economic Studies (1934) is source what now referred to as Lerner Index monopoly power. The has become standard measure power and one most widely cited indexes discipline economics. This traces origins index, sets out its strengths weaknesses, examines role antitrust enforcement. a better indicator firm's price-setting discretion than ability sustain prices.

Abstract Our analysis of the literature indicates a growing prominence hybridity within field public administration. Hybrid arrangements incorporate ambiguities and controversies, but they also represent opportunities for joint action goal achievement. The difficulties inherent in originate from dichotomous view public–private divide underdeveloped measurement instruments. contributions this special issue address these challenges, providing extensive evidence as to empirical reality manifold...

Organic single crystals provide an ideal model for studying the factors that influence chemical processes in structured media. Reaction trajectories are well defined and reveal of spontaneous mechanical stresses equivalent to tens thousands atmospheres. Analysis molecular crystal structures helps explain both local properties, which reactions, bulk properties such as melting point, compressibility, surface energy.

Five years after the Meiji Restoration, on seventh of second month 1873, Japanese Government issued following decree: The taking human life is strictly prohibited by law land, and right to punish a murderer lies with Government. However, since ancient times it has been customarily regarded as duty son or younger brother avenge murder his father elder brother. While this natural expression deepest feelings, ultimately serious breach account private enmity, usurpation for purposes public...

Evidence-based decision making is promoted as offering efficiency and effectiveness; however, its uptake has faced barriers such underdeveloped supporting culture, limited access to evidence, evidence that not fully relevant. Smart city conceptualizations offer economic environmental sustainability better quality of life through evidence-based policy decision-making. We wondered whether smart theory practice advanced the knowledge searched major databases for literature containing a mention...

The ability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to affect adipose tissue development in vivo was investigated. subcutaneous administration EGF newborn NBR rats for 10 days resulted decreased body weight and fat pad that occurred a dose-dependent fashion. At dose 1 micrograms/g weight, injected 50% decrease weight. Although kidney also diminished, the other organs such as liver intestine remained unchanged or even slightly increased, suggesting effect on not due generalized inhibitory action...

Abstract A cross‐fostering design was used to examine the effects on brain and behavioral development in mice of pre‐and/or postnatal dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids. Pregnant were fed either two liquid diets, control (con) or experimental (exp). Each diet provided 3% calories form n−6 acids; supplemented an additional 1.5% from long chain acids derived fish oil. There four treatment groups, all pups fostered at birth. These groups (prenatal diet/ diet): Group 1, exp/exp; 2,...

This study examines the effects of ratio n-3/n-6 fatty acids (FA) on brain development in mice when long-chain n-3 FA are supplied diet. From conception until 12 days after birth, B6D2F1 were fed liquid diets, each providing 10% energy from olive oil, and a further different combinations free concentrates derived safflower oil (18:2n-6), fish (20:5n-3 22:6n-3). The range dietary ratios was 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 4.0, with an n-6 content greater than 1.5% all similar levels total...

Zoning is well known as a key instrument of planning regulation, which environmental regulation in its broadest sense. terms economic theorisation normally justified by the Pigovian welfare economics theses market failure, notably '...

Pregnant mice were fed equivalent daily amounts of a liquid diet containing 25% (kcal) ethanol, or with maltose dextrin substituted isocalorically for ethanol. In addition, the contained 20% oil; this was either two mixtures, one comprised predominantly n‐6 (18:2n‐6) fatty acids, and other an amount n‐6, but supplemented source long chain n‐3 (20:5n‐3, 22:6n‐3) acids. An additional control group lab chow ad libitum. The treatment implemented from day 7 to 17 gestation, whereafter all groups...