This paper points out the importance of quantum nature gravitational interaction with matter in a linearized theory gravity induced entanglement masses. We will show how entangles steady states closed system (eigenstates) two test masses placed harmonic traps, and such matter-matter emerges from an underlying field. rely upon perturbation highlighting critical assumptions for generating showing that classical field does not render entanglement. consider distinct examples: one where...

Recently, a protocol called quantum-gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) that aims to test the quantum nature gravity using two qubits was proposed. The can arise only if force between spatially superposed is occurring via exchange mediating virtual graviton. In this paper we examine possible improvement QGEM setup by introducing third mass with an embedded qubit so there are now three witness gravitationally generated entanglement. We compare generation for different experimental...

The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, which has led to universality a free-fall concept. been extremely well tested so far with great precision. However, all these tests corresponding arguments are classical setup where notion position velocity mass associated value as opposed quantum entities.Here, we provide simple protocol creating large spatial superposition states in laboratory test regime both matter gravity treated at par...

Matter-wave interferometry with nanoparticles will enable the development of quantum sensors capable probing ultraweak fields unprecedented applications for fundamental physics. The high sensitivity such devices, however. makes them susceptible to several noise and decoherence sources and, as such, can operate only when sufficient isolation from environment is achieved. It thus imperative model characterize interaction estimate its deleterious effects. This paper aim study matter-wave...

The quantum gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) protocol for testing gravity using witnessing utilizes the creation spatial superpositions two neutral, massive matter-wave interferometers kept adjacent to each other, separated by a distance <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><a:mi>d</a:mi></a:math>. mass and superposition should be such that systems can entangle solely via nature gravity. Despite being charge-neutral, many electromagnetic backgrounds also as...

The salient feature of both classical and quantum gravity is its universal attractive character. However, less known about the behavior build-up correlations when systems interact via graviton exchange. In this work, we show that can remain strongly suppressed for certain choices parameters even considering two adjacent in delocalized states. Using framework linearized with post-Newtonian contributions, find there are special values delocalization where gravitationally induced entanglement...

To test the quantum nature of gravity in a laboratory requires witnessing entanglement between two masses (nanocrystals) solely due to gravitational interaction kept at distance spatial superposition. The protocol is known as quantum-gravity-induced (QGEM). One main backgrounds QGEM experiment electromagnetic (EM) -induced and decoherence. EM interactions can entangle neutral via dipole-dipole vacuum-induced interactions, such Casimir-Polder interaction. mitigate EM-induced nanocrystals, we...

Abstract One of the outstanding questions in modern physics is how to test whether gravity classical or quantum a laboratory. Recently there has been proposal nature by creating superpositions two nearby neutral masses, close enough that can entangle systems, but still sufficiently far away all other known Standard Model interactions remain negligible. However, preparing superposition states mass (the light system) requires vicinity laboratory apparatus heavy system). We will suppose such...

This paper provides a simple derivation of the decoherence rate for diamagnetic nanoparticle in presence vacuum fluctuations magnetic field. Diamagnetic levitation is one key techniques trapping, cooling, and creating macroscopic quantum spatial superposition many experiments. It widely applied theoretical experimental endeavors to test fundamental physics matter-wave interferometers. To estimate originating from magnetic-field fluctuations, we use fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We show...

Witnessing the quantum nature of spacetime is an exceptionally challenging task. However, gravity-induced entanglement matter (QGEM) protocol proposes such a test by testing between adjacent matter-wave interferometers. One key obstacle to experimentally realising this creation spatial superposition with heavy masses. Initially, it was envisaged that size would have be order 200 micron for mass $10^{-14}$ kg (to obtain phase unity when centre two interferometers are at separation 450...

Matter-wave interferometers with microparticles will enable the next generation of quantum sensors to probe minute phase information. Therefore, estimating loss coherence and degree entanglement degradation for such is essential. In this paper, we provide a noise analysis in frequency-space focusing on electromagnetic sources dephasing. We assume that our matter-wave interferometer has residual charge or dipole which can interact neighboring particle ambience. investigate dephasing due...

The quantum gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) protocol for testing gravity using witnessing utilizes the creation spatial superpositions two neutral, massive matter-wave interferometers kept adjacent to each other, separated by a distance d. mass and superposition should be such that systems can entangle solely via nature gravity. Despite being charge-neutral, there are many electromagnetic backgrounds also systems, as dipole-dipole interaction, Casimir-Polder interaction. To...

The salient feature of both classical and quantum gravity is its universal attractive character. However, less known about the behaviour build-up correlations when systems interact via graviton exchange. In this work, we show that can remain strongly suppressed for certain choices parameters even considering two adjacent in delocalized states. Using framework linearized with post-Newtonian contributions, find there are special values delocalization where gravitationally induced entanglement...

The manipulation of individual charged particles has been deeply explored in physics's theoretical and experimental domains during the past decades. It is pillar several existing devices used for metrology sensing a promising platform realizing future technologies, such as quantum computers. also known that relativistic regime, interactions between become affected by post-Coulombian corrections, with dominant couplings encoded Darwin Hamiltonian. term extensively studied atomic physics,...

The manipulation of individual charged particles has been deeply explored in physics’s theoretical and experimental domains during the past decades. It is pillar several existing devices used for metrology sensing a promising platform realizing future technologies, such as quantum computers. also known that relativistic regime, interactions between become affected by post-Coulombian corrections, with dominant couplings encoded . Darwin term extensively studied atomic physics, where...

We provide a solution for decoherence in spatial superpositions due to scattering/collision with air molecules. This result reproduces the short- and long-wavelength limits known literature. compare rate several existing interpolations literature evaluate experimental parameters when creating macroscopic quantum (i.e., micron-size spheres). Finally, we consider rate's time dependence while closing superposition an interferometer setup.

The Quantum Gravity Mediated Entanglement (QGEM) protocol offers a novel method to probe the quantumness of gravitational interactions at non-relativistic scales. This leverages Stern-Gerlach effect create $\mathcal{O}(\sim \mu m)$ spatial superpositions two nanodiamonds (mass $\sim 10^{-15}$ kg) with NV spins, which are then allowed interact and become entangled solely through interaction. Since electromagnetic such as Casimir-Polder dipole-dipole dominate this scale, screening them ensure...

To test the quantum nature of gravity in a lab requires witnessing entanglement between two masses (nano-crystals) solely due to gravitational interaction kept at distance spatial superposition. The protocol is known as gravity-induced (QGEM). One main backgrounds QGEM experiment electromagnetic (EM) induced and decoherence. EM interactions can entangle neutral via dipole-dipole vacuum-induced interactions, such Casimir-Polder interaction. mitigate EM-induced nano-crystals, we enclose...

Matter-wave interferometry with nanoparticles will enable the development of quantum sensors capable probing ultraweak fields unprecedented applications for fundamental physics. The high sensitivity such devices however makes them susceptible to a number noise and decoherence sources as can only operate when sufficient isolation from environment is achieved. It thus imperative model characterize interaction estimate its deleterious effects. aim this paper be study matter-wave interferometer...

Recently, there has been a proposal to test the quantum nature of gravity in laboratory by witnessing growth entanglement between two masses spatial superpositions. The required superpositions can be created via Stern-Gerlach interferometers, which couple an embedded spin qubit state dynamics each mass. would entangle only if is nature. Here, we generalise experiment arbitrary $j$ or equivalently ensemble uniformly coupled spins. We first exemplify how create generalized interferometer,...

Matter-wave interferometers with micro-particles will enable the next generation of quantum sensors to probe minute phase information. Therefore, estimating loss coherence and degree entanglement degradation for such is essential. In this paper, we provide a noise analysis in frequency-space focusing on electromagnetic sources dephasing. We assume that our matter-wave interferometer has residual charge or dipole which can interact neighbouring particle ambience. investigate dephasing due...

The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational mass and inertial mass, which has led to universality a free-fall concept. been extremely well tested so far with great precision. However, all these tests corresponding arguments are classical setup where notion position velocity associated value as opposed quantum entities. Here, we will provide simple protocol creating large spatial superposition states in laboratory test fully regime both matter gravity treated...

One of the outstanding questions in modern physics is how to test whether gravity classical or quantum a laboratory. Recently there has been proposal nature by creating superpositions two nearby neutral masses, close enough that can entangle systems, but still sufficiently far away all other known Standard Model interactions remain negligible. However, mere process preparing superposition states mass (the light system), requires vicinity laboratory apparatus heavy system). We will suppose...