Coordinated spacing and patterning of stomata allow efficient gas exchange between plants the atmosphere. Here we report that three ERECTA (ER)-family leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) together control stomatal patterning, with specific family members regulating specification stem cell fate differentiation guard cells. Loss-of-function mutations in all ER-family genes cause clustering. Genetic interactions a known mutant too many mouths (tmm) revealed stoichiometric...

Growth of plant organs relies on coordinated cell proliferation followed by growth, but the nature cell-cell signal that specifies organ size remains elusive. The Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase (RLK) ERECTA regulates inflorescence architecture. Our previous study using a dominant-negative fragment revealed presence redundancy in ERECTA-mediated transduction pathway. Here, we report ERL1 and ERL2, two functional paralogs ERECTA, play redundant unique roles part signaling pathway,...

Arabidopsis ERECTA, a Leu-rich repeat receptor-like Ser/Thr kinase (LRR-RLK), regulates organ shape and inflorescence architecture. Here, we show that truncated ERECTA protein lacks the cytoplasmic domain (ΔKinase) confers dominant-negative effects when expressed under control of native promoter terminator. Transgenic plants expressing ΔKinase displayed phenotypes, including compact short, blunt siliques, are characteristic loss-of-function erecta mutant plants. The fragment migrated as...

Stomata are microscopic openings that allow for the exchange of gases between plants and environment. In Arabidopsis, stomatal patterning is specified by ERECTA family (ERf) receptor kinases (RKs), receptor-like protein (RLP) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides. Here we show TMM ER or ER-LIKE1 (ERL1) form constitutive complexes, which recognize EPF1 EPF2, but single ERfs do not. interaction with ERL1 creates a binding pocket recognition indicating TMM-ERf...

In angiosperms, pollen tube reception by the female gametophyte is required for sperm release and double fertilization. Arabidopsis thaliana lorelei (lre) mutants, fails in most gametophytes, which thus remain unfertilized. LRE encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface protein with modified eight-cysteine motif (M8CM). fused to citrine yellow fluorescent (LRE-cYFP) remains functional localizes synergid plasma membrane-rich filiform apparatus, first point of...

Hydroxyproline (Hyp) O-glycosylation characterizes the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily of plant extracellular matrix. Hyp glycosylation occurs in two modes: Arabinosylation adds short oligoarabinosides (Hyp-arabinosides) while galactosylation leads to addition larger arabinogalactan polysaccharides (Hyp-polysaccharides). We hypothesize that sequence-dependent small peptide motifs results glycomodules. These functional units combination with other repetitive modules define...

The Arabidopsis genome contains three ERECTA-family genes, ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-LIKE 1 (ERL1) and ERL2 that encode leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases. This gene family acts synergistically to coordinate cell proliferation growth during above-ground organogenesis with the major player, ER, masking loss-of-function phenotypes of other two members. To uncover specific developmental consequence minimum threshold requirement for signaling, ER-family function was successively eliminated. We...

Leaves are produced postembryonically at the flanks of shoot apical meristem. Their initiation is induced by a positive feedback loop between auxin and its transporter PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1). The expression polarity PIN1 in meristem thought to be regulated primarily concentration flow. formation an maximum L1 layer first sign leaf promptly followed flow into inner tissues, midvein, appearance primordium bulge. ERECTA family genes (ERfs) encode leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases,...

Design of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) offers an approach for the structural and functional analysis these wall components, which are broadly implicated in plant growth development. HRGPs consist multiple small repetitive “glycomodules” extensively O -glycosylated through Hyp residues. The patterns Hyp- -glycosylation putatively coded by primary sequence as described contiguity hypothesis, predicts contiguous residues to be attachment sites arabinooligosaccharides (1–5 Ara...

Extensins are cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that form covalent networks putatively involving tyrosyl and lysyl residues in cross-links catalyzed by one or more extensin peroxidases. The precise remain to be chemically identified both as network components muro enzymic products generated vitro with native monomers substrates. However, some contain variations within their putative cross-linking motifs complicate cross-link identification. Other simpler extensins recalcitrant...

Due to the lack of cell migration, plant organogenesis relies on coordinated proliferation, growth, and differentiation. A flower possesses a complex structure, with sepals petals constituting perianth, stamens pistils where male female gametophytes differentiate. While advances have been made in our understanding gene regulatory networks controlling development, relatively little is known how cell–cell coordination influences floral organ specification. The Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER)-family...

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) enables the formation of new organs throughout life a plant. ERECTA family (ERf) receptors restrict SAM size and promote initiation leaves while simultaneously supporting establishment correct phyllotaxy. In epidermis during organ elongation ERf activity is regulated by Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) secreted Cys-rich small proteins. Here we show that ERfs play critical role in communication between leaf boundary central zone Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis...

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a reservoir of stem cells that gives rise to all post-embryonic above-ground plant organs. size the SAM remains stable over time owing precise balance cell replenishment versus incorporation into organ primordia. WUSCHEL (WUS)/CLAVATA (CLV) negative feedback loop central regulation. Its correct function depends on accurate spatial expression WUS and CLV3 A signaling pathway, consisting ERECTA family (ERf) receptors EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR LIKE (EPFL)...

Gene expression in eukaryotes is often enhanced by the presence of introns. Depending on specific gene, this enhancement can be minor or very large and occurs at both transcriptional post-transcriptional levels. The Arabidopsis ERECTA gene contains 27 exons encoding a receptor-like kinase that promotes cell proliferation inhibits differentiation above-ground plant organs. strongly depends intronless does not rescue phenotype erecta mutant plants produces about 500–900 times less protein...

Abstract The differentiation of stomata provides a convenient model for studying pattern formation in plant tissues. Stomata is induced by set basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and inhibited signal transduction pathway initiated TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) ERECTA family (ERf) receptors. proper also dependent upon the restriction symplastic movement into neighboring cells, especially backgrounds where function TMM/ERf signaling compromised. Here, we describe novel mutant KOBITO1...

ERECTA family genes encode leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases that control multiple aspects of plant development such as elongation aboveground organs, leaf initiation, flowers, and epidermis differentiation. These receptors have also been implicated in responses to biotic abiotic stress, probably a consequence their involvement regulation architecture. Here, signalling tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) was manipulated by expressing truncated protein (AtΔKinase) from Arabidopsis using...

In plants, extracellular signals are primarily sensed by plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs). ERECTA is a leucine-rich repeat RLK that together with its paralogs ERECTA-like 1 (ERL1) and ERL2 regulates multiple aspects of plant development. forms complexes range co-receptors senses secreted cysteine-rich small proteins from the EPF/EPFL family. Currently mechanism cytoplasmic domain activation transmission signal unclear. To gain better understanding we performed...

GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are essential for plant growth and development; knockout mutations in enzymes responsible anchor biosynthesis or attachment gametophyte embryo lethal. In a genetic screen targeted to identify genes regulating stomata formation, we discovered missense mutation the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of GPI8/PIG-K, Cys protease that transfers an assembled GPI proteins. The genome has single copy AtGPI8, atgpi8-1 reduces efficiency this enzyme, leading...

ABSTRACT The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aboveground organs of plants. size SAM is relatively constant due balance between stem cell replenishment and recruitment into new organs. In angiosperms, transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) promotes proliferation in central zone SAM. WUS forms a negative feedback loop with signaling pathway activated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3). periphery SAM, ERECTA family receptors (ERfs) constrain CLV3 expression. Here, we show that four ligands ERfs...

Receptor‐like kinases are important regulators of plant growth. Often a single receptor is involved in regulation multiple developmental processes variety tissues. ERECTA family (ERf) receptors have previously been linked with stomata development, above‐ground organ elongation, shoot apical meristem function, flower differentiation and biotic/abiotic stresses. Here we explore the role these genes during embryogenesis. ERfs expressed developing embryo, where their expression progressively...

Plant organ shape and size are established during growth by a predictable, controlled sequence of cell proliferation, differentiation, elongation. To understand the regulation coordination these processes, we studied temporal behavior epidermal cortex cells in Arabidopsis pedicels used computational modeling to analyze tissues. Pedicels offer multiple advantages for such study, as their is determinate, mostly one dimensional, epidermis differentiation uniform along proximodistal axis. Three...

Abstract Leaves and flowers are produced by the shoot apical meristem (SAM) at a certain distance from its center, process that requires hormone auxin. The amount of auxin pattern distribution in initiation zone determine size spatial arrangement organ primordia. Auxin gradients SAM formed PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers whose polar localization plasma membrane depends on protein kinase PINOID (PID). Previous work determined ERECTA (ER) family genes (ERfs) control leaves. ERfs receptors...