Neuropeptide S (NPS) is the endogenous ligand for GPR154, now referred to as neuropeptide receptor (NPSR). Physiologically, NPS has been characterized a modulator of arousal and shown produce anxiolytic-like effects in rodents. Neuroanatomical analysis rat revealed that precursor mRNA strongly expressed brainstem only three distinct regions: locus coeruleus area, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus. NPSR expression widely distributed, with strongest olfactory...

Abstract Studies of color perception have led to mechanistic models how cone-opponent signals from retinal ganglion cells are integrated generate appearance. But it is unknown this hypothesized integration occurs in the brain. Here we show that transmitted retina primary visual cortex (V1) through highly organized circuits within V1 implement opponent interactions required for Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI) and 2-photon calcium (2PCI) at single cell resolution, demonstrate...

Objectives: Among patients with suspected infection, a single measurement of the quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment has good predictive validity for sepsis, yet increase in from repeated measurements is unknown. We sought to determine incremental sepsis over 48 hours compared initial measurement. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Twelve hospitals southwestern Pennsylvania 2012. Patients: All adult medical and surgical encounters emergency department, hospital ward,...

We perceive objects as permanent and stable despite frequent occlusions eye movements, but their representation in the visual cortex is neither nor stable. Feature selective cells respond only long are visible, responses depend on position. explored hypothesis that system maintains object pointers provide permanence stability. Pointers should send facilitatory signals to feature of an object, these persist across temporary remap compensate for image displacements caused by saccades. Here, we...

Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity many cortical neurons and assignment to correct layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode with 100-micron contact spacing can estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick. Neuropixels have 20-micron spacing, thus could potentially discern thinner precisely identify laminar...

In primary visual cortex, spiking activity that evoked by stimulus confined in receptive field can be modulated surround stimulus. This center-surround interaction is hypothesized to the basis of feature integration and segregation. Spiking output has been extensively reported suppressive. However, less known about modulation properties local potential (LFP), which generally reflects synaptic inputs. We simultaneously recorded LFP area 17 anesthetized cats examine compare their...

Abstract Studies of color perception have led to mechanistic models how cone-opponent signals from retinal ganglion cells are integrated generate appearance. But it is unknown this hypothesized integration occurs in the brain. Here we show that transmitted retina primary visual cortex (V1) through highly organized circuits within V1 implement opponent interactions required for Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI) and 2-photon calcium (2PCI) at single cell resolution, demonstrate...

Abstract Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity many cortical neurons and assignment to correct layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode with 100-micron contact spacing can estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick. Neuropixels have 20-micron spacing, thus could potentially discern thinner precisely identify...

Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity many cortical neurons and assignment to layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode with 100-micron contact spacing have been used estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick. Neuropixels 20-micron spacing, thus could potentially discern thinner precisely identify laminar borders....

Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity many cortical neurons and assignment to layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode with 100-micron contact spacing have been used estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick. Neuropixels 20-micron spacing, thus could potentially discern thinner precisely identify laminar borders....

Abstract Optogenetic tools have become of great utility in the causal analysis systems brain. However, current optogenetic techniques do not reliably support both excitation and suppression same cells vivo, limiting slowing research. Here we developed a novel glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus expressing two channelrhodopsin proteins, GtACR2 Chrimson, order to independently manipulate excitatory inhibitory transmembrane potentials, respectively. Using this approach, demonstrated that rodent...