Carrageenan is a high molecular weight sulfated polygalactan used to improve the texture of commercial food products. Its use increased markedly during last half century, although carrageenan known induce inflammation in rheumatological models and intestinal colitis. We performed studies determine its direct effects on human cells, including normal epithelial cells from colonic surgeries, cell line NCM460, rat ileal cells. Cells were treated with lambda-carrageenan at concentration 1 mug/ml...

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea, but the pathophysiology underlying associated diarrhea poorly understood. We examined role luminal membrane Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange process in EPEC pathogenesis using vitro and vivo models. activity was measured as OH(-) gradient-driven (36)Cl(-) uptake. infection (60 minutes-3 hours) inhibited apical human intestinal Caco-2 T84 cells. This effect dependent upon bacterial type III secretory system (TTSS) involved secreted...

Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the colon, constitutes major fuel for colonocytes. We have earlier shown role apically localized monocarboxylate transporter isoform 1 (MCT1) transport butyrate into human colonic Caco-2 cells. In an effort to study regulation MCT1 gene, we and others cloned promoter region gene identified cis elements key transcription factors. A previous has up-regulation expression, activity AA/C1...

Monocarboxylate transporter isoform-1 (MCT1) plays an important role in the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) colon. Butyrate, a major SCFA, serves as primary energy source for colonic mucosa, maintains epithelial integrity, and ameliorates intestinal inflammation. Previous studies have shown substrate (butyrate)-induced upregulation MCT1 expression function via transcriptional mechanisms. The present provide evidence that short-term regulation by substrates could be mediated...

Infection with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) causes cryptosporidiosis, a widespread diarrhoeal disease. Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function and increased permeability are most commonly associated diseases caused by enteric infections. However, studies on disruption underlying mechanisms in cryptosporidiosis extremely limited. Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) adherens (AJs) important maintaining integrity. Therefore, we examined effects of CP infection...

Butyrate, a key short-chain fatty acid metabolite of colonic luminal bacterial action on dietary fiber, serves as primary fuel for the colonocytes, ameliorates mucosal inflammation, and stimulates NaCl absorption. Absorption butyrate into colonocytes is essential these intracellular effects. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays major role in Previous studies (Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L. Adv Immunol 121: 91-119, 2014.) showed decreased MCT1...

GPR120 (free fatty acid receptor-4) is a G protein-coupled receptor for medium- and long-chain unsaturated acids, including ω-3 acids. Recent studies have shown to play cardinal roles in metabolic disorders via modulation of gut hormone secretion insulin sensitivity exert anti-inflammatory effects macrophages adipose tissues. However, information on role at the level intestinal epithelium very limited. Current demonstrated differential levels mRNA protein along length human, mouse, rat...

The major short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate is produced in the colonic lumen by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Butyrate serves as primary fuel for colonocytes and also ameliorates mucosal inflammation. Disturbed energy homeostasis seen inflamed mucosa inflammatory bowel disease patients has been attributed to impaired absorption butyrate. Since sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT1, SLC5A8) recently shown play a role Na(+)-coupled transport monocarboxylates,...

Clinical efficacy of probiotics in treating various forms diarrhea has been clearly established. However, mechanisms underlying antidiarrheal effects are not completely defined. Diarrhea is caused either by decreased absorption or increased secretion electrolytes and solutes the intestine. In this regard, electroneutral two major electrolytes, Na + Cl − , occurs mainly through coupled operation /H exchangers /OH exchangers. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that Lactobacillus...

Carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide that is widely used as food additive, induces inflammatory responses in animal models and human cells. The carrageenan-induced cascades involve toll-like receptor (TLR)4- B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL)10-dependent activation of NF-κB, leading to increased IL-8 production. Translocations involving BCL10 the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are associated with constitutive NF-κB. This report presents mechanism by which carrageenan...

Probiotic bacteria are normal inhabitants of a healthy human gut, conferring multiple beneficial effects on the gut and beyond. Under various disease states, abundance diversity significantly decreased, process called dysbiosis. Among intra- extracellular components probiotics, vesicles (EVs) secreted by them have recently garnered significant attention as potential mediators probiotics’ host health. Further, these nanosized particles that encapsulate wide range bioactive molecules...

We previously cloned Siva-1 by using the cytoplasmic tail of CD27, a member tumor necrosis factor receptor family, as bait in yeast two-hybrid system. The Siva gene is organized into four exons that code for predominant full-length transcript, whereas its alternate splice form, Siva-2, lacks exon 2 coding sequence. Various groups have demonstrated role several apoptotic pathways. Interestingly, proapoptotic properties are lacking Siva-2. fact partly localized to mitochondria despite absence...

Probiotics have been used as alternative prevention and therapy modalities in intestinal inflammatory disorders including bowel diseases (IBD) necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pathophysiology of IBD NEC includes the production diverse lipid mediators, platelet-activating factor (PAF) that mediate responses disease. PAF is known to activate NF-κB, however, mechanisms PAF-induced inflammation are not fully defined. We recently described a novel PAF-triggered pathway NF-κB activation IL-8...

Impaired absorption of electrolytes is a hallmark diarrhea associated with inflammation or enteric infections. Intestinal epithelial luminal membrane NHE3 (Na + /H exchanger 3) and DRA (Down-Regulated in Adenoma; Cl − /HCO 3 exchanger) play key roles mediating electroneutral NaCl absorption. We have previously shown decreased function response to short-term infection enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), diarrheal pathogen. Recent studies also substantial downregulation expression model...

In higher plants several isoforms of starch synthase contribute to the extension glucan chains in synthesis starch. Different are responsible for essentially linear amylose and branched, amylopectin chains. The activity granule‐bound I from potato has been compared with that II following expression both Escherichia coli. Significant differences their activities apparent which may be important determining specificities vivo . These include affinities ADPglucose substrates, activation by...

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a food-borne human pathogen, is responsible for infantile diarrhea, especially in developing countries. The pathophysiology of EPEC-induced however, not completely understood. Our recent studies showed modulation Na + /H and Cl − /HCO 3 exchange activities Caco-2 cells response to EPEC infection. We hypothesized that intestinal short-chain fatty acid absorption mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) might also be altered aim the current was...

SLC26A3, or downregulated in adenoma (DRA), plays a major role mediating Cl(-) absorption the mammalian intestine. Disturbances DRA function and expression have been implicated intestinal disorders such as congenital diarrhea gut inflammation. We previously showed that an increase by Lactobacillus acidophilus its culture supernatant (CS) might underlie antidiarrheal effects of this probiotic strain. However, Bifidobacterium species, important inhabitants human colon, on Cl(-)/HCO3 (-)...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized as an inducer of the inflammatory response associated with gram-negative sepsis and systemic syndrome. LPS induction proceeds through Toll-like receptor (TLR) in immune cells intestinal epithelial (IEC). This report presents first identification Bcl10 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10) a mediator LPS-induced activation IL-8 human IEC. caspase-recruitment domain-containing protein, constitutive NF-kappaB MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas. The...